Pharmaceutical composition and method of manufacturing

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides for methods of obtaining an extract of  Cannabis  plant material as well as subsequent processing of the extract to provide a concentrate of  Cannabis . The present invention also provides for pharmaceutical dosage forms (e.g., oral thin films and transdermal patches) that include the concentrate (or extract) of  Cannabis , as well as methods of medical treatment that include administering the pharmaceutical dosage forms.

CLAIM OF PRIORITY

This patent application is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/255,296, filed Apr. 17, 2014, and is incorporated by reference herein.

BACKGROUND

The medicinal and psychoactive properties of the Cannabis plant have been known for centuries. At present, Cannabis is not legally available in many States. However, there is growing pressure on politicians to legalize its use, especially for medicinal purposes.

Evidence suggests that Cannabis is a safe, versatile and potentially inexpensive drug. It has been reported as being beneficial to patients suffering from a wide range of symptoms experienced in connection with various, often very serious, medical conditions. For example, Cannabis has been used to alleviate symptoms associated with cancer, anorexia, AIDS, chronic pain, spacicity, glaucoma, arthritis, migraine and many other illnesses.

Cannabis is recognized as having anti-emetic properties and has been successfully used to treat nausea and vomiting in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy.

Studies also report use of Cannabis in treating the weight loss syndrome of AIDS and in reducing intraocular pressure for the treatment of glaucoma. Cannabis is also reported to have muscle relaxing effects and anti-convulsant effects.

However, it is also well documented that these medicinal effects of Cannabis come at the cost of less desirable effects. It is alleged that the administration of Cannabis causes changes in mood, perception and motivation. The common euphoric effects have led to the use of Cannabis as a recreational, “soft” drug and its criminalization. The psychoactive effects are said to vary with dose, with the typical Cannabis smoker experiencing a “high” which lasts about 2 hours, during which there is impairment of cognitive functions, perception, reaction time, learning and memory. These side effects clearly have implications, such as for the operation of machinery, and in particular for driving. These effects also make Cannabis less attractive for widespread, mainstream use, as it can reduce a patient's ability to perform relatively simple tasks during treatment.

The euphoric effects of Cannabis may also constitute an undesirable side effect for patients using the drug for medicinal purposes, especially for “naive” Cannabis users. Furthermore, here have been reports of unpleasant reactions to Cannabis, such as anxiety, panic or hallucinations. It is believed that these undesirable effects are most commonly associated with higher doses of Cannabis.

Despite these effects, years of research have failed to show that Cannabis is dangerous. In fact, the results appear to have proved the opposite. Cannabis has been shown to be safer, with fewer serious side effects than most prescription drugs currently used as anti-emetics, muscle relaxants, hypnotics and analgesics, etc.

The physiological and pharmacological effects of Cannabis depend upon a number of factors, including the dosage level and the route of administration.

There are currently two main methods of Cannabis delivery. Lung delivery is most commonly achieved by smoking Cannabis. Unfortunately, there are concerns about the effect of this mode of administration on the lungs. Cannabis smoke carries even more tars and other particulate matter than tobacco, and so may be a cause of lung cancer. Furthermore, many patients find the act of smoking unappealing, as well as generally unhealthy. It is known that some of the chemicals produced by smoking Cannabis are aggressive and smoking has been shown to cause the gradual dissolving of teeth. Use of vaporizers for inhalation administration of Cannabis does not avoid the production of thermal byproducts, and also can produce tracheal and lung irritation. For these reasons, smoking is not an approved medical means of administration for any drug.

Attempts have been made to overcome some of the problems associated with smoking both Cannabis and tobacco by providing various smokeless inhalable aerosol formulations for lung delivery. A self-propelled inhalable aerosol of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol was developed as long ago as 1975 as a bronchodilator. Inhalable aerosol formulations were made comprising either only liquid components and or including a solid particulate component carrying the active agent, such as the Cannabis. The various formulations were found to be of varying effectiveness in delivering the active agent to the alveoli of the lungs in the same manner as smoke.

However, both methods of lung delivery discussed above have been found to cause a pronounced and involuntary cough, possibly from irritation of the trachea and lungs. This unpleasant side effect is not overcome by the smoke-free method of lung delivery.

An oral dosage form of Cannabis is available in the United States as a Schedule II drug. The capsules contain a synthetic version of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC), the main active substance in Cannabis, and they have had limited success for a number of reasons. Firstly, in light of its anti-emetic properties, the capsules are commonly used to treat nausea and vomiting. Clearly, an oral administration is not ideal as the patient may well have difficulty keeping the capsule down long enough for it to take effect. It has also been found that orally administered THC is erratically and slowly absorbed into the bloodstream, making the dose and duration of action difficult to control. Furthermore, the oral dose is less effective than smoked Cannabis and therefore larger doses are required in order to achieve a desired therapeutic effect.

SUMMARY

The present invention provides for a process for obtaining an extract of Cannabis. The process includes: (a) contacting Cannabis plant material with a supercritical fluid solvent system at a pressure between about 750 psi and 25,000 psi, and at a temperature between about −15° C. and 200° C., to provide an extract of Cannabis; and (b) optionally removing the supercritical fluid solvent system from the extract of Cannabis to provide a concentrate of Cannabis.

The present invention provides for an additional process for obtaining an extract of Cannabis. The process includes: (a) contacting Cannabis plant material with a supercritical fluid solvent system at a pressure between about 750 psi and 25,000 psi, and at a temperature between about −15° C. and 200° C., to provide an extract of Cannabis and an extracted Cannabis plant material; (b) removing the supercritical fluid solvent system from the extract of Cannabis to provide a concentrate of Cannabis; (c) contacting the extracted Cannabis plant material with a second supercritical fluid solvent system at a pressure between about 750 psi and 25,000 psi, and at a temperature between about −15° C. and 200° C., to provide a second extract of Cannabis and a second extracted Cannabis plant material; and (d) optionally removing the second supercritical fluid solvent system from the second extract of Cannabis to provide a second concentrate of Cannabis.

The present invention provides for an additional process for obtaining an extract of Cannabis. The process includes: (a) contacting Cannabis plant material with a supercritical fluid solvent system at a pressure between about 750 psi and 25,000 psi, and at a temperature between about −15° C. and 200° C., to provide an extract of Cannabis and an extracted Cannabis plant material; (b) removing the supercritical fluid solvent system from the extract of Cannabis to provide a concentrate of Cannabis; (c) contacting the extracted Cannabis plant material with a second supercritical fluid solvent system at a pressure between about 750 psi and 25,000 psi, and at a temperature between about −15° C. and 200° C., to provide a second extract of Cannabis and a second extracted Cannabis plant material; (d) removing the second supercritical fluid solvent system from the second extract of Cannabis to provide a second concentrate of Cannabis; (e) contacting the second extracted Cannabis plant material with a third supercritical fluid solvent system at a pressure between about 750 psi and 25,000 psi, and at a temperature between about −15° C. and 200° C., to provide a third extract of Cannabis and a third extracted Cannabis plant material; and (f) optionally removing the third supercritical fluid solvent system from the third extract of Cannabis to provide a third concentrate of Cannabis.

The present invention provides for an additional process for obtaining an extract of Cannabis. The process includes: (a) contacting Cannabis plant material with a supercritical fluid solvent system at a pressure between about 750 psi and 25,000 psi, and at a temperature between about −15° C. and 200° C., to provide an extract of Cannabis and an extracted Cannabis plant material; (b) removing the supercritical fluid solvent system from the extract of Cannabis to provide a concentrate of Cannabis; (c) contacting the extracted Cannabis plant material with a second supercritical fluid solvent system at a pressure between about 750 psi and 25,000 psi, and at a temperature between about −15° C. and 200° C., to provide a second extract of Cannabis and a second extracted Cannabis plant material; (d) removing the second supercritical fluid solvent system from the second extract of Cannabis to provide a second concentrate of Cannabis; (e) contacting the second extracted Cannabis plant material with a third supercritical fluid solvent system at a pressure between about 750 psi and 25,000 psi, and at a temperature between about −15° C. and 200° C., to provide a third extract of Cannabis and a third extracted Cannabis plant material; (f) removing the third supercritical fluid solvent system from the third extract of Cannabis to provide a third concentrate of Cannabis; (g) contacting the third extracted Cannabis plant material with a fourth supercritical fluid solvent system at a pressure between about 750 psi and 25,000 psi, and at a temperature between about −15° C. and 200° C., to provide a fourth extract of Cannabis and a fourth extracted Cannabis plant material; and (h) optionally removing the fourth supercritical fluid solvent system from the fourth extract of Cannabis to provide a fourth concentrate of Cannabis.

The present invention provides for an additional process for obtaining a concentrate of Cannabis. The process includes: (a) contacting Cannabis plant material with a supercritical fluid solvent system, at a pressure between about 750 psi and 25,000 psi, and at a temperature between about −15° C. and 200° C., to provide an extract of Cannabis; and (b) removing the supercritical fluid solvent system from the extract. The (a) contacting of the Cannabis plant material with the supercritical fluid solvent system and the (b) removing the supercritical fluid solvent system, is carried out multiple times, such that the process may be a fractional supercritical fluid extraction. Additionally, each contacting of the Cannabis plant material with a supercritical fluid solvent system independently occurs at a pressure between about 750 psi and 25,000 psi, and independently occurs at a temperature between about −15° C. and 200° C.

The present invention also provides a pharmaceutical dosage form, which can be an oral thin film (OTF) suitable for oral delivery, or an adhesive topical patch suitable for transdermal delivery. The pharmaceutical dosage form includes a Cannabis concentrate including at least one of cannabinol (CBN); cannabinolic acid (CBNA); Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC); Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ(9)-THCA); Δ(9)-cannabidiol (Δ(9)-CBD); Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabidiolic acid (Δ(9)-CBDA); Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(8)-THC); Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ(8)-THCA); Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabidiol (Δ(8)-CBD); Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabidiolic acid (Δ(8)-CBDA); Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin (Δ(9)-THV); cannabigerol (CBG); cannabigerolic acid (CBGA); cannabichromene (CBC); cannabichromenic acid (CBCA); cannabicyclol (CBL); cannabicyclolic acid (CBLA); β-caryophyllene epoxide; mentha-1,8(9)-dien-5-ol; pulegone; limonene; limonene oxide; α-terpinene; terpinen-4-ol; carvacrol; carvone; 1,8-cineole; p-cymene; fenchone; pulegone-1,2epoxide; β-myrcene; cannaflavin A; and cannaflavin B.

The present invention provides a method of treating a mammal afflicted with a disease or disorder. The method includes administering to a mammal in need of such treatment, the pharmaceutical dosage form described herein, in an amount and for a period of time, effective to treat the disease or disorder.

In various embodiments of the present invention, the methods of manufacturing described herein employ supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) to provide an extract of Cannabis. The solvent can conveniently be removed from the extract, to provide a concentrate (or an essential) of Cannabis. When the SFE is a fractional supercritical fluid extraction (FSFE), the desired extract of Cannabis can include, e.g., cannabinoids, terpenoids, and/or flavonoids. In various embodiments, the desired extract of Cannabis (relative to the starting plant material) will be enriched with the desired product (e.g. cannabinoids, terpenoids, and/or flavonoids). In further embodiments, the desired extract of Cannabis (relative to the undesired extract of Cannabis) will be enriched with the desired product (e.g. cannabinoids, terpenoids, and/or flavonoids). In yet further embodiments, the undesired extract of Cannabis (relative to the desired extract of Cannabis) will be enriched with the undesired product (e.g. terpenes, alkaloids, hemp oil, and/or cannabinoid acids). As such, the FSFE can be employed to selectively obtain one or more desired substances from the Cannabis plant material, while selectively excluding one or more undesired substances.

In other embodiments, purified fractions enriched in certain of the Cannabis components listed herein relative to other of the Cannabis components, can be prepared by a method of the invention. For instance, fractions enriched in certain cannabinoids relative to other cannbinoids, compared to proportions as occurring in the Cannabis plant material that is extracted, can be obtained by practice of a method of the invention. In this way, enriched purified fractions of Cannabis extract can be obtained, which can offer therapeutic benefits to a patient receiving treatment thereby.

While the concentrate (or essential oil) of Cannabis can conveniently be obtained from the desired extract of Cannabis upon removal of the solvent, the concentrate, or a SFE-purified fraction thereof, can subsequently be further purified by standard purification techniques. Alternatively, the concentrate, or a SFE-purified fraction thereof, or a further purified fraction thereof, can be used directly in a pharmaceutical dosage form (e.g., transdermal patch or oral thin film) without any further purification.

Transdermal patches typically include one or more adhesives positioned on the surface of the backing that contacts the user when used. The Cannabis concentrate, or a SFE-purified fraction thereof, or a further purified fraction thereof, can conveniently be used directly in the manufacture of a transdermal patch, e.g., by mixing the concentrate with the one or more adhesives. This will avoid the necessity to dissolve any active pharmaceutical ingredient in the adhesive layer of the transdermal patch. This may also assist in avoiding issues that may otherwise exist with a high load of desired compounds present in Cannabis (e.g. cannabinoids, terpenoids, and/or flavonoids) in the transdermal patch. The Cannabis concentrate can be used directly from the Cannabis extract (e.g., upon removal of the supercritical fluid solvent), or alternatively can first be purified, e.g., by SFE fractionation, or by standard purification techniques, or by a combination thereof, and then employed in the manufacture of the topical patch.

Likewise, the manufacture of an oral thin film (OTF) typically includes the casting and drying of a viscous liquid (or slurry). The Cannabis concentrate, or a SFE-purified fraction thereof, or a further purified fraction thereof, can be used directly in the manufacture of an OTF, e.g., by mixing the concentrate with the viscous liquid. This will avoid the necessity to dissolve any active pharmaceutical ingredient in the viscous liquid prior to drying. As such, the concentrate can conveniently be used directly in the manufacture of an OTF. This may also assist in avoiding issues that may otherwise exist with a high load of desired compounds present in Cannabis (e.g. cannabinoids, terpenoids, and/or flavonoids) into an OTF. The Cannabis concentrate can be used directly from the Cannabis extract (e.g., upon removal of the supercritical fluid solvent), or alternatively can first be purified, e.g., by SFE fractionation, or by standard purification techniques such as chromatography, or by a combination thereof, and then employed in the manufacture of the OTF.

In specific embodiments, advantages of a transdermal drug delivery route over other types of medication delivery such as oral, topical, intravenous, intramuscular, etc. is that the patch provides a controlled release of the medication into the patient, usually through either a porous membrane covering a reservoir of medication or through body heat melting thin layers of medication embedded in the adhesive. The fact that the transdermal patch can provide a controlled release of medication for up to seven days gives it a major advantage over other types of drug delivery, such as oral or other types of topical administration (for example, gels or creams).

The delivery of a drug via a transdermal route of application can offer the best of oral and intravenous administration. Avoidance of the first-pass effect leads to better bioavailability and may result in fewer side effects. Consistent and controlled drug delivery avoids periods of under- and overdosing. Transdermal patches deliver drugs over a longer period of time, thus allowing for reduced dosing frequency. A transdermal patch is administered by the patients themselves and administration is stopped by removal of the patch. Contrary to intravenous drips or infusion pumps, patient activity is not restricted. These numerous benefits lead to significantly improved patient compliance and as a consequence transdermal patches can offer a critical edge to new and established drugs in competitive markets.

Both transdermal patches as well as oral thin films (OTFs) serve as an alternative dosage form for patients who experience dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing). Additional reasons to use transdermal patches and/or OTFs include the convenience of a dosage form that can be taken without water as well as the inability of the patient to eat or drink (e.g., nausea and/or vomiting). Additional reasons to use transdermal patches and/or OTFs with any substance derived from a plant material that is typically inhaled, includes the avoidance of smoke and carcinogenic constituents in the smoke, both with the primary user as well as individuals in close proximity (e.g., second-hand smoke).

In specific embodiments, advantages of OTFs include the potential to improve the onset of action, lower the dosing, and enhance the efficacy and safety profile of the medicament. All tablet dosage forms, softgels and liquid formulations primarily enter the blood stream via the gastrointestinal tract, which subjects the drug to degradation from stomach acid, bile, digestive enzymes and other first-pass effects. As a result, such formulations often require higher doses and generally have a delayed onset of action. Conversely, buccal and sublingual OTF drug delivery can avoid these issues and yield quicker onsets of action at lower doses.

In specific embodiments, advantages of OTFs include the thin film is typically more stable, durable and quicker dissolving than many other conventional dosage forms.

In specific embodiments, advantages of OTFs include the thin film enables improved dosing accuracy relative to liquid formulations since every strip is manufactured to contain a precise amount of the drug.

In specific embodiments, advantages of OTFs include the thin film not only ensures more accurate administration of drugs but also can improve compliance due to the intuitive nature of the dosage form and its inherent ease of administration. These properties are especially beneficial for pediatric, geriatric and neurodegenerative disease patients where proper and complete dosing can be difficult.

In specific embodiments, advantages of OTFs include the thin film's ability to dissolve rapidly without the need for water provides an alternative to patients with swallowing disorders and to patients suffering from nausea, such as those patients receiving chemotherapy.

In specific embodiments, advantages of OTFs include the thin film drug delivery has the potential to allow the development of sensitive drug targets that may otherwise not be possible in tablet or liquid formulations.

In specific embodiments, advantages of OTFs include the ability of a sublingual film to deliver a convenient, quick-dissolving therapeutic dose contained within an abuse-deterrent film matrix that cannot be crushed or injected by patients, and rapidly absorbs under the tongue to ensure compliance.

In specific embodiments, advantages of OTFs include the ability of the thin film to facilitate absorption (e.g., 3 to 10 times) greater than an oral tablet. This includes, e.g., sublingual administration under the tongue.

In specific embodiments, advantages of employing a Cannabis concentrate into an OTF or topical adhesive patch include the ease and convenience in using a non-solid (e.g., liquid, tar, oil, syrup, etc.) Cannabis concentrate, which may otherwise be problematic in formulating, e.g., capsules, pills and tablets. In further embodiments, additional advantages include the ease and convenience in using a Cannabis concentrate without the need for subsequent purification.

Additional advantages include the ability to use the Cannabis extract (which may include a significant and/or appreciable amount of organic solvent), without subsequent removal of the solvent, prior to use in manufacturing the OTF or topical adhesive patch. In such embodiments, the presence of the solvent will not pose any significant issues or concerns in producing the OTF or topical adhesive patch, and in some situations may aid in maintaining the solubility of the desired compounds in the Cannabis concentrate, which is used directly in the OTF or topical adhesive patch.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Reference will now be made in detail to certain claims of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. While the invention will be described in conjunction with the enumerated claims, it will be understood that they are not intended to limit those claims. On the contrary, the invention is intended to cover all alternatives, modifications, and equivalents, which can be included within the scope of the invention as defined by the claims.

References in the specification to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “an example embodiment,” and the like, indicate that the embodiment described can include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every embodiment may not necessarily include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.

Values expressed in a range format should be interpreted in a flexible manner to include not only the numerical values explicitly recited as the limits of the range, but also to include all the individual numerical values or sub-ranges encompassed within that range as if each numerical value and sub-range is explicitly recited. For example, a range of “about 0.1% to about 5%” or “about 0.1% to 5%” should be interpreted to include not just about 0.1% to about 5%, but also the individual values (e.g., 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%) and the sub-ranges (e.g., 0.1% to 0.5%, 1.1% to 2.2%, 3.3% to 4.4%) within the indicated range.

In this document, the terms “a,” “an,” or “the” are used to include one or more than one unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The term “or” is used to refer to a nonexclusive “or” unless otherwise indicated. In addition, it is to be understood that the phraseology or terminology employed herein, and not otherwise defined, is for the purpose of description only and not of limitation. Any use of section headings is intended to aid reading of the document and is not to be interpreted as limiting; information that is relevant to a section heading may occur within or outside of that particular section. Furthermore, all publications, patents, and patent documents referred to in this document are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety, as though individually incorporated by reference. In the event of inconsistent usages between this document and those documents so incorporated by reference, the usage in the incorporated reference should be considered supplementary to that of this document; for irreconcilable inconsistencies, the usage in this document controls.

In the methods or processes described herein, the steps can be carried out in any order without departing from the principles of the invention, except when a temporal or operational sequence is explicitly recited.

Furthermore, specified steps can be carried out concurrently unless explicit claim language recites that they be carried out separately. For example, a claimed step of doing X and a claimed step of doing Y can be conducted simultaneously within a single operation, and the resulting process will fall within the literal scope of the claimed process.

The term “about” as used herein can allow for a degree of variability in a value or range, for example, within 10%, within 5%, or within 1% of a stated value or of a stated limit of a range. When a range or a list of sequential values is given, unless otherwise specified any value within the range or any value between the given sequential values is also disclosed.

The term “substantially” as used herein refers to a majority of, or mostly, as in at least about 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.9%, 99.99%, or at least about 99.999% or more.

As used herein, “Cannabis” refers to a genus of flowering plants that includes a single species, Cannabis sativa, which is sometimes divided into two additional species, Cannabis indica and Cannabis ruderalis. These three taxa are indigenous to Central Asia, and South Asia. Cannabis has long been used for fiber (hemp), for seed and seed oils, for medicinal purposes, and as a recreational drug. Various extracts including hashish and hash oil are also produced from the plant. Suitable strains of Cannabis include, e.g., Indica-dominant (e.g., Blueberry, BC Bud, Holland's Hope, Kush, Northern Lights, Purple, and White Widow), Pure sativa (e.g., Acapulco Gold and Malawi Gold (Chamba)), and Sativa-dominant (e.g., Charlotte's Web, Diesel, Haze, Jack Herer, Shaman, Skunk, Sour, and Te Puke Thunder). The Cannabis can include any physical part of the plant material, including, e.g., the leaf, bud, flower, trichome, seed, or combination thereof. Likewise, the Cannabis can include any substance physically derived from Cannabis plant material, such as, e.g., kief and hashish.

As used herein, “kief” refers to the resin glands (or trichomes) of Cannabis which may accumulate in containers or be sifted from loose dry Cannabis flower with a mesh screen or sieve. Kief typically contains a much higher concentration of psychoactive cannabinoids, such as THC, than that of the Cannabis flowers from which it is derived. Traditionally, kief has been pressed into cakes of hashish for convenience in storage, but can be vaporized or smoked in either form.

As used herein, “hashish” refers to a Cannabis product composed of compressed or purified preparations of stalked resin glands, called trichomes. It contains the same active ingredients—such as THC and other cannabinoids—but in higher concentrations than unsifted buds or leaves.

As used herein, “leaf” refers to an organ of a vascular plant, as defined in botanical terms, and in particular, in plant morphology. In reference to Cannabis, the first pair of leaves usually have a single leaflet, the number gradually increasing up to a maximum of about thirteen leaflets per leaf (usually seven or nine), depending on variety and growing conditions. At the top of a flowering plant, this number again diminishes to a single leaflet per leaf. The lower leaf pairs usually occur in an opposite leaf arrangement and the upper leaf pairs in an alternate arrangement on the main stem of a mature plant.

As used herein, “bud” refers to a flower-bearing stem or branch of the Cannabis plant, especially a stem or branch bearing a mass of female flowers with associated leaves. The stem or branch bearing the female flowers can be fresh, or can be dried. The pistils of the female Cannabis flower are surrounded by a mass of trichome-rich petals and leaves, and can contain higher concentrations of cannabinoids than do the plant leaves or stems. A bud, e.g., a mass of female flowers and associated leaves, usually covered with trichomes, can be further processed mechanically, i.e., “trimming” or “cleaning” the stem bearing the female flowers by removal of larger leaves and stem material. Buds, and cleaned buds, can be used as a Cannabis plant material in practice of a method of the invention.

As used herein, “trichome” refers to a fine outgrowth or appendage on plants and certain protists. They are of diverse structure and function. Examples are hairs, glandular hairs, scales, and papillae. In reference to Cannabis, the trichome is a glandular trichome that occurs most abundantly on the floral calyxes and bracts of female plants.

As used herein, “seed” refers to an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering called the seed coat, usually with some stored food. It is a characteristic of spermatophytes (gymnosperm and angiosperm plants) and the product of the ripened ovule which occurs after fertilization and some growth within the mother plant. The formation of the seed completes the process of reproduction in seed plants (started with the development of flowers and pollination), with the embryo developed from the zygote and the seed coat from the integuments of the ovule.

As used herein, “Cannabis sativa L.” or “Cannabis sativa” refers to an annual herbaceous plant in the Cannabis genus, a species of the Cannabaceae family.

As used herein, “Cannabis indica Lam” or “Cannabis indica” refers to an annual plant in the Cannabaceae family. A putative species of the genus Cannabis, it is typically distinguished from Cannabis sativa. Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica can interbreed, so the two strains can be viewed as sub-species or land races. Interbred stains comprising genetic material from both sativa and indica strains can be termed “sativa-dominant” or “indica-dominant”, depending upon perceived physical and psychotropic properties of the hydbrids. The mixed interbred strains can be themselves reproductively viable.

As used herein, “Cannabis ruderalis Janisch” or “Cannabis ruderalis” refers to a species of Cannabis originating in central Russia. It flowers earlier than C. indica or C. sativa, does not grow as tall, and can withstand much harsher climates than either of them. Cannabis ruderalis will produce flowers based on its age, rather than light cycle (photoperiod) changes which govern flowering in C. sativa and C. indica varieties. This kind of flowering is also known as “autoflowering.”

The Cannabis plant material contains suitable and desirable compounds, useful in the pharmaceutical dosage forms and methods of medical treatment described herein. The suitable and desirable compounds fall within one or more the following classes of compounds: cannabinoids, terpenoids, and flavonoids. These compounds can be obtained from the Cannabis in a pure or partially pure state. The compounds obtained from the Cannabis can be in the form of an extract of Cannabis, or a concentrate of Cannabis.

As used herein, “extract” refers to a substance obtained by extracting a raw material, using a solvent system. The term “extract of Cannabis” refers to a substance obtained by extracting Cannabis (or any part thereof). In specific embodiments, the process of extracting a raw material using a solvent includes a hot solvent extraction. In alternative embodiments, the process of extracting a raw material using a solvent includes supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), such as, e.g., a fractional supercritical fluid extraction (FSFE). In reference to Cannabis, suitable extracts include, e.g., hash oil, tincture, or combination thereof.

In specific embodiments, the extract of Cannabis fulfils the definition of “botanical drug substance” provided in the Guidance for Industry Botanical Drug Products Draft Guidance, August 2000, US Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration Center for Drug Evaluation and Research of: “A drug substance derived from one or more plants, algae, or macroscopic fungi. It is prepared from botanical raw materials by one or more of the following processes: pulverization, decoction, expression, aqueous extraction, ethanolic extraction, or other similar processes.”

As used herein, “tincture” refers to a solvent extract of plant or animal material, a solution of such, or of a low volatility substance.

As used herein, “hash oil” refers to a form of Cannabis. It is a resinous matrix of cannabinoids obtained from the Cannabis plant by solvent extraction, formed into a hardened or viscous mass. Hash oil can be the most potent of the main Cannabis products because of its high THC content which can vary depending on the plant.

As used herein, “concentrate” or “essential oil” refers to a substance obtained by extracting a raw material, using a solvent, wherein the solvent has substantially been removed. In specific embodiments, the process of extracting a raw material using a solvent includes a hot solvent extraction. In alternative embodiments, the process of extracting a raw material using a solvent includes supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), such as, e.g., a fractional supercritical fluid extraction (FSFE).

As such, the term “Cannabis concentrate” or “Cannabis essential oil” refers to a substance obtained by extracting Cannabis (or any part thereof), wherein the solvent has substantially been removed. The Cannabis concentrate can be enriched with the desired product (e.g. cannabinoids, terpenoids, and/or flavonoids) from the Cannabis plant material. Additionally, compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can contain a lower concentration of unwanted material (e.g. terpenes, alkaloids, hemp oil, and/or cannabinoid acids).

As used herein, “cannabinoid” refers to a class of diverse chemical compounds that act on cannabinoid receptors on cells that repress neurotransmitter release in the brain. These receptor proteins include the endocannabinoids (produced naturally in the body by humans and animals), the phytocannabinoids (found in Cannabis and some other plants), and synthetic cannabinoids (manufactured chemically). The most notable cannabinoid is the phytocannabinoid Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive compound of Cannabis. Cannabidiol (CBD) is another major constituent of the plant, representing up to 40% in extracts of the plant resin. There are at least 85 different cannabinoids isolated from Cannabis, exhibiting varied effects.

As used herein, “terpenoid” or “isoprenoid” refers to a large and diverse class of naturally occurring organic chemicals similar to terpenes, derived from five-carbon isoprene units assembled and modified in thousands of ways. Most are multicyclic structures that differ from one another not only in functional groups but also in their basic carbon skeletons. These lipids can be found in all classes of living things, and are the largest group of natural products. Plant terpenoids are used extensively for their aromatic qualities. They play a role in traditional herbal remedies and are under investigation for antibacterial, antineoplastic, and other pharmaceutical functions. Terpenoids contribute to the scent of eucalyptus, the flavors of cinnamon, cloves, and ginger, the yellow color in sunflowers, and the red color in tomatoes. Well-known terpenoids include citral, menthol, camphor, salvinorin A in the plant Salvia divinorum, the cannabinoids found in Cannabis, ginkgolide and bilobalide found in Ginkgo biloba, and the curcuminoids found in turmeric and mustard seed.

As used herein, “flavonoid” refers to a class of plant secondary metabolites. Flavonoids were referred to as Vitamin P (probably because of the effect they had on the permeability of vascular capillaries) from the mid-1930s to early 50s, but the term has since fallen out of use. According to the IUPAC nomenclature, they can be classified into: flavonoids or bioflavonoids; isoflavonoids, derived from 3-phenylchromen-4-one (3-phenyl-1,4-benzopyrone) structure; and neoflavonoids, derived from 4-phenylcoumarine (4-phenyl-1,2-benzopyrone) structure.

As used herein, “supercritical fluid extraction” or “SFE” refers to the process of separating one or more components (extractant) from another (matrix) using supercritical fluids as the extracting solvent. Extraction is usually from a solid matrix (e.g., Cannabis plant material), but can also be from liquids or resinous material (e.g., hash oil). SFE can be used as a sample preparation step for analytical purposes, or on a larger scale to either strip unwanted material from a product (e.g. terpenes, alkaloids, hemp oil, and/or cannabinoid acids from Cannabis plant material) and/or collect a desired product (e.g. cannabinoids, terpenoids, and/or flavonoids). Although numerous supercritical fluids can be used, carbon dioxide (CO₂) is the most used supercritical fluid, sometimes modified by co-solvents such as ethanol or methanol. Extraction conditions for supercritical fluids are above the critical temperature of (e.g., 31° C. for carbon dioxide) and critical pressure of (e.g., 74 bar for carbon dioxide). Addition of modifiers may slightly alter this.

The properties of a supercritical fluid can be altered by varying the pressure and temperature, allowing selective extraction. For example, various substances can be extracted from a plant with low pressures (e.g., 100 bar), whereas extraction from the same plant (and same solvent system) with high pressure (e.g., 750 bar) provides different substances. Likewise, changing the extraction temperature (from one supercritical fluid extraction to another) can yield different substances. Moreover, various substances can be extracted from a plant with a solvent system having a specified combination of polarity (e.g., non-polar) and proticity (e.g., protic), whereas extraction from the same plant at the same temperature and pressure can provide different substances upon extraction from the plant with a solvent system having a different combination of polarity (e.g., non-polar) and proticity (e.g., aprotic). As such, various embodiments of the present invention provide for a supercritical fluid extraction carried out multiple times (i.e., a fractional supercritical fluid extraction), altering the pressure, temperature, polarity of the solvent system, and/or proticity of the solvent system. In doing so, unwanted material (e.g. terpenes, alkaloids, hemp oil, and/or cannabinoid acids) can be separated from Cannabis plant material, while obtaining the desired product (e.g. cannabinoids, terpenoids, and/or flavonoids).

Extraction is a diffusion-based process, with the solvent required to diffuse into the matrix, and the extracted material to diffuse out of the matrix into the solvent. Diffusivities are much faster in supercritical fluids than in liquids, and therefore extraction can occur faster. Also, there is no surface tension and viscosities are much lower than in liquids, so the solvent can penetrate into small pores within the matrix inaccessible to liquids. Both the higher diffusivity and lower viscosity significantly increase the speed of the extraction: An extraction using an organic liquid may take several hours, whereas supercritical fluid extraction can typically be completed in 10 to 60 minutes.

As used herein, “solvent system” refers to one or more solvents that dissolves a solute (a chemically different liquid, solid or gas), resulting in a solution. The maximum quantity of solute that can dissolve in a specific volume of solvent system varies with temperature and pressure. The solvent system can have a specified polarity and proticity. As such, solvent system can be polar, nonpolar, protic, or aprotic, wherein each of these terms is used in a relative manner.

As used herein, “polarity” refers to a separation of electric charge leading to a molecule or its chemical groups having an electric dipole or multipole moment. Polar molecules interact through dipole-dipole intermolecular forces and hydrogen bonds. Molecular polarity is dependent on the difference in electronegativity between atoms in a compound and the asymmetry of the compound's structure. Polarity underlies a number of physical properties including surface tension, solubility, and melting- and boiling-points.

As used herein, “polar” or “polar solvent” refers to a molecule having a net dipole as a result of the opposing charges (i.e., having partial positive and partial negative charges) from polar bonds arranged asymmetrically. Water (H₂O) is an example of a polar molecule since it has a slight positive charge on one side and a slight negative charge on the other. The dipoles do not cancel out resulting in a net dipole. Due to the polar nature of the water molecule itself, polar molecules are generally able to dissolve in water. Another example includes sugars (like sucrose), which have many polar oxygen-hydrogen (—OH) groups and are overall highly polar.

As used herein, “nonpolar” or “nonpolar solvent” refers to a molecule having an equal sharing of electrons between the two atoms of a diatomic molecule or because of the symmetrical arrangement of polar bonds in a more complex molecule. For example, the boron trifluoride molecule (BF₃) has a trigonal planar arrangement of three polar bonds at 120°. This results in no overall dipole in the molecule. In methane, the bonds are arranged symmetrically (in a tetrahedral arrangement) so there is no overall dipole. In the methane molecule (CH₄) the four C—H bonds are arranged tetrahedrally around the carbon atom. Each bond has polarity (though not very strong). However, the bonds are arranged symmetrically so there is no overall dipole in the molecule. The diatomic oxygen molecule (O₂) does not have polarity in the covalent bond because of equal electronegativity, hence there is no polarity in the molecule

Examples of nonpolar solvents include, e.g., carbon dioxide (CO₂), hydrogen (H₂), neon (Ne), nitrogen (N₂), argon (Ar), methane (CH₄), ethane (CH₃CH₃), and propane (CH₃CH₂CH₃).

Organic solvents can range from nonpolar to polar, depending upon the molecular composition. For instance, organic solvents can be classified in a series ranging from nonpolar to polar, such as aliphatic hydrocarbon, aromatic hydrocarbon, halocarbon, ether, ketone, alcohol. By selection of an organic solvent, e.g. as a solvent or a cosolvent (with CO₂, etc.) in a supercritical fluid extraction, a selection of the polarity class of the substances extracted can be exerted. By using less polar solvent or cosolvent, a less polar set of, e.g., cannabinoid constituents can be obtained as a purified fraction. By use of a more polar solvent or cosolvent, a set of cannabinoid constituents of greater polarity can be selectively obtained as a purified fraction.

As used herein, “proticity” refers to the degree (or number) of occurrences of a hydrogen atom bound to an oxygen atom (as in a hydroxyl group), and/or a hydrogen atom bound to a nitrogen atom (as in an amine group), relative to the size or molecular weight of the molecule.

As used herein, “protic” or “protic solvent” refers to any solvent that contains labile H+. The molecules of such solvents readily donate protons (H+) to reagents.

As used herein, “aprotic” or “aprotic solvent” refers to any solvent that does not contain labile H+. The molecules of such solvents cannot readily donate protons (H+) to reagents.

As used herein, “mutually exclusive” refers to variables being related such that each excludes or precludes the other. For example, in the methods described herein to obtain a Cannabis extract, fractional supercritical fluid extract (FSFE) can be employed. In various embodiments of such FSFE, the SFE can be carried out two times (FSFE 1 and FSFE 2), each with the same solvent system and each at a different temperature and pressure. In such embodiments, while the solvent system of FSFE 1 and FSFE 2 are the same, the temperatures and pressures (of FSFE 1 and FSFE 2) are mutually exclusive. Specifically, each of the temperature and pressure of FSFE 1 is mutually exclusive of (e.g., different from) the temperature and pressure of FSFE 2.

As used herein, “fresh” refers to a plant (or any physical part thereof, such as a leaf, flowering bud, seed, etc.) that has been harvested within the past 21 days. In specific embodiments, the harvesting would have occurred within the past 14 days, within the past 10 days, within the past 7 days, or within the past 3 days.

As used herein, “dried” refers to a plant (or any physical part thereof, such as a leaf, bulb, seed, etc.) has undergone a drying process, such that an appreciable and significant amount of water (or moisture) has been removed. The drying process can include, e.g., an elevated temperature, a decreased pressure, or a combination thereof.

As used herein, “moisture content” or “water content” refers to the quantity of water contained in a material, such as, e.g., Cannabis plant material, or any part thereof. For example, dried Cannabis can have a moisture content of less than about 10 wt. %, less than about 5 wt. %, or less than about 1 wt. %.

As used herein, “harvested” refers to the act of gathering a crop (e.g., Cannabis) or any physical part thereof.

As used herein, “partially purified” refers to a raw material (e.g., Cannabis) that has undergone one or more processes (e.g., supercritical fluid extraction), such that the resulting product (e.g., extract of Cannabis) contains a desired substance (e.g., THC) in a concentration higher than the raw material. As such, the partially purified substance (e.g., extract of Cannabis) is said to be enriched with a desired substance (e.g., THC), relative to the raw material (e.g., Cannabis). As used herein, “partially purifying” refers to a process that provides a partially purified product. For example, the partially purified substance can be up to about 85% pure, up to about 75% pure, or up to about 50% pure.

“Purified fractions” can contain components present in different relative amounts or concentrations than found in the Cannabis plant material that has undergone a process of the invention. By this means, purified fractions of the total plant extract can be said to be “enriched” or “depleted” in specific components relative to other specific components. For instance, a purified fraction of plant material can contain a higher proportion of, e.g., cannabidiol relative to tetrahydrocannabinol, than is present in the plant material undergoing extraction. Purified fractions can be advantageous when it is desired to administer to a patient an extract that has a lower level of an undesired component (e.g., THC) and a higher level of a desired therapeutic constituent (e.g., cannabidiol).

As used herein, “purifying” refers to a process of rendering a substance, or a set of substances, pure, i.e. substantially free of, or having a lower relative content of, undesirable components. For example, the purified substance can be at least about 90% pure, at least about 95% pure, or at least about 98% pure.

As used herein, “terpene” refers to a hydrocarbon or derivative thereof, found as a natural product and biosynthesized by oligomerization of isoprene units. A terpene can be acyclic, monocyclic, bicyclic, or multicyclic. Examples include limonene, pulegone, caryophyllene epoxide, and the like.

As used herein, “alkaloid” refers to a natural product containing at least one basic nitrogen atom capable of forming salts with acids.

As used herein, “hemp oil” refers to a triglyceride, i.e., a triester of glycerol with fatty acids, typically extracted from hemp seeds with non-polar solvent.

As used herein, “cannabinoid acid” refers to a compound found naturally in a Cannabis species, formed by condensation of an alkyl-resorcinol and a terpene, which comprises a carboxylic acid group. Examples include cannabidiolic acid, tetrahydrocannabinolic acid, cannabichromenic acid, cannabigerolic acid, and the like.

As used herein, “multiple” refers to more than one, e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, etc.

As used herein, “independently” refers to variables that are not influenced or controlled by other variables. Specifically, selection of one variable will not influence or control the selection of other variables. For example, in the methods described herein to obtain a Cannabis extract, fractional supercritical fluid extract (FSFE) can be employed. In various embodiments of such FSFE, the SFE can be carried out two times (FSFE 1 and FSFE 2), each with a different solvent system. In such embodiments, each of FSFE 1 and FSFE 2 can have the same or different temperature. Likewise, in such embodiments, each of FSFE 1 and FSFE 2 can have the same or different pressure. In such embodiments, while the solvent system of FSFE 1 and FSFE 2 are different, the temperatures and pressures (of FSFE 1 and FSFE 2) can be independently selected. In doing so, each of the temperature and pressure (of FSFE 1 and FSFE 2) can be the same, or can be different.

As used herein, “combining” refers to the act of bringing into contact two or more substances. For example, in the methods described herein, a plant material (e.g., Cannabis) can be combined with a solvent system. In doing so, the plant material and solvent system will be in close proximity, such that they contact each other. The solvent system can be added to a vessel containing the plant material or the plant material can be added to the vessel containing the solvent system.

As used herein, “discarding” refers to the act of casting aside, disposing of, or otherwise not using in a subsequent process, step, or article of manufacture.

As used herein, “chromatography” refers to a process for separation of constituents of a mixture of organic compounds wherein the compounds are differentially absorbed and eluted from a solid phase by a liquid solvent (liquid chromatography) or by a gas (gas chromatograph). Representative chromatography include, e.g., high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC).

As used herein, “adsorption” refers to a physical process whereby a molecule enters into an energetically favorable association with a solid surface.

As used herein, “crystallization” refers to a process whereby a sample of a molecular entity forms crystals, usually on precipitation from a solvent or solvent mixture.

As used herein, “distillation” refers to a purification process whereby liquid components are separated on the basis of boiling point, often under reduced atmospheric pressure, in a still.

As used herein, “liquid-liquid extraction” refers to a process whereby chemical compounds are partitioned between two substantially immiscible liquid phases.

As used herein, “filtration” refers to a process whereby a solid and a liquid are separated by passage of a mixture of the two through a filter medium, where the solid material is retained and the liquid passes through.

As used herein, “fractional distillation” refers to a distillation as described above, where multiple components are separated sequentially by increasing boiling point, often under reduced atmospheric pressure.

As used herein, “precipitation” refers to a separation from a solution of a solid material.

As used herein, “recrystallization” refers to a purification process whereby a crystalline material is dissolved, then subsequently again put under conditions where crystallization occurs, usually in a highly controlled manner such that a substantial increase in purity of the compound is obtained.

As used herein, “sublimation” refers to a physical process whereby a solid material passes into a vapor phase without passing through an intervening liquid phase.

In specific embodiments, the desired extract (or concentrate) of Cannabis, relative to the starting plant material, will be enriched with the desired product (e.g. cannabinoids, terpenoids, and/or flavonoids). In further embodiments, the desired extract (or concentrate) of Cannabis, relative to the undesired extract of Cannabis, will be enriched with the desired product (e.g. cannabinoids, terpenoids, and/or flavonoids). In yet further embodiments, the undesired extract (or concentrate) of Cannabis, relative to the desired extract of Cannabis, will be enriched with the undesired product (e.g. terpenes, alkaloids, hemp oil, and/or cannabinoid acids). As such, the FSFE can be employed to selectively obtain one or more desired substances from the Cannabis plant material, while selectively excluding one or more undesired substances.

In specific embodiments, the desired extract (or concentrate) of Cannabis, relative to the starting plant material, will include a lower concentration of the undesired product (e.g. terpenes, alkaloids, hemp oil, and/or cannabinoid acids). In further embodiments, the desired extract (or concentrate) of Cannabis, relative to the undesired extract of Cannabis, will include a lower concentration of the undesired product (e.g. terpenes, alkaloids, hemp oil, and/or cannabinoid acids). In yet further embodiments, the undesired extract (or concentrate) of Cannabis, relative to the desired extract of Cannabis, will include a lower concentration of the desired product (e.g. cannabinoids, terpenoids, and/or flavonoids). As such, the FSFE can be employed to selectively obtain one or more desired substances from the Cannabis plant material, while selectively excluding one or more undesired substances.

As used herein, “enrich” refers to an increase the concentration or amount of one substance, relative to the concentration or amount of another substance; or one material containing a higher concentration or amount of a substance, compared to a second material's concentration or amount of that substance. The difference in the amount (weight/mass) can be at least about 1%, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 25%, or at least about 50%. Likewise, the difference in concentration can be at least about 1%, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 25%, or at least about 50%. In reference to “higher concentration” and “lower concentration,” the difference in concentration can be at least about 1%, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 25%, or at least about 50%.

As used herein, “relative concentration” refers to the concentration of a specified substance (or a combination of specified substances) that is present in a lower concentration (“lower relative concentration”), or is present in a higher concentration (“higher relative concentration”), compared to the concentration of the same substances in the Cannabis plant material. In specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate (compared to the Cannabis plant material) can include a higher relative concentration of compound “X,” or a lower relative concentration of compound “Z.” In such an embodiment, the concentration of compound “X” will be higher in the Cannabis concentrate compared to the concentration of compound “X” in the Cannabis plant material. Likewise, the concentration of compound “Z” will be lower in the Cannabis concentrate compared to the concentration of compound “Z” in the Cannabis plant material. The increase (or decrease) can range anywhere from about 10% to 100,000 fold. In specific embodiments, the increase (or decrease) can be about 10% to 10,000 fold; about 20% to 1,000 fold; about 50% to 100 fold; about 2 fold to 100 fold; about 3 fold to 50 fold; or about 5 fold to 25 fold.

As used herein, “pharmaceutical dosage form” refers to a pharmaceutical product in the form in which it is marketed for use, typically involving a mixture of active drug components and nondrug components (excipients), along with other non-reusable material that may not be considered either ingredient or packaging (such as a capsule shell, for example). The term pharmaceutical dosage form can also refer only to the chemical formulation of a drug product's constituent drug substance(s) and any blends involved, without considering matters beyond that (like how it's ultimately configured as a consumable product such as a capsule, patch, etc.).

Depending on the method/route of administration, pharmaceutical dosage forms come in several types. These include many kinds of liquid, solid, and semisolid dosage forms. Common pharmaceutical dosage forms include pill, tablet, or capsule, drink or syrup, and natural or herbal form such as plant or food of sorts, among many others. Notably, the route of administration (ROA) for drug delivery is dependent on the dosage form of the substance in question. A liquid pharmaceutical dosage form is the liquid form of a dose of a chemical compound used as a drug or medication intended for administration or consumption.

Various pharmaceutical dosage forms may exist for a single particular drug, since different medical conditions can warrant different routes of administration. For example, persistent nausea and emesis or vomiting may make it difficult to use an oral dosage form, and in such a case, it may be necessary to utilize an alternate route such as inhalational, buccal, sublingual, nasal, suppository or parenteral instead. Additionally, a specific pharmaceutical dosage form may be a requirement for certain kinds of drugs, as there may be issues with various factors like chemical stability or pharmacokinetics.

Exemplary pharmaceutical dosage forms include, e.g., pills, osmotic delivery systems, elixirs, emulsions, hydrogels, suspensions, syrups, capsules, tablets, orally dissolving tablets (ODTs), gel capsules, thin films, adhesive topical patches, lollipops, lozenges, chewing gum, dry powder inhalers (DPIs), vaporizers, nebulizers, metered dose inhalers (MDIs), ointments, transdermal patches, intradermal implants, subcutaneous implants, and transdermal implants.

As used herein, “oral delivery” or “oral administration” refers to a route of administration wherein the pharmaceutical dosage form is taken through the mouth. Oral administration is a part of enteral administration, which also includes buccal (dissolved inside the cheek), sublabial (dissolved under the lip) and sublingual administration (dissolved under the tongue). Enteral medications come in various forms, including: tablets to swallow, chew or dissolve in water or under the tongue; capsules and chewable capsules (with a coating that dissolves in the stomach or bowel to release the medication there); time-release or sustained-release tablets and capsules (which release the medication gradually); powders or granules; teas; drops; and liquid medications or syrups.

As used herein, “ophthalmic delivery” or “ophthalmic administration” refers to a route of administration wherein the pharmaceutical dosage form is taken to, or through, the eye.

As used herein, “nasal delivery” or “nasal administration” refers to a route of administration wherein the pharmaceutical dosage form is taken to, or through, the nose (e.g., nasal cavity).

As used herein, “dermal delivery” or “dermal administration” refers to a route of administration wherein the pharmaceutical dosage form is taken to, or through, the dermis (i.e., layer of skin between the epidermis (with which it makes up the cutis) and subcutaneous tissues).

As used herein, “pill” refers to a small, round, solid pharmaceutical oral dosage form of medication that was in use before the advent of tablets and capsules. Pills were historically made by mixing the active ingredients with an excipient such as glucose syrup in a mortar and pestle to form a paste, then rolling the mass into a long cylindrical shape (called a “pipe”), and dividing it into equal portions, which were then rolled into balls, and often coated with sugar to make them more palatable. Today, pills include tablets, capsules, and variants thereof like caplets—essentially anything with medication that can be digested, minus the liquid forms, falls into the pill category.

As used herein, “osmotic delivery system” or “osmotic controlled release oral delivery system” or “OROS” refers to a controlled release oral drug delivery system in the form of a tablet. The tablet has a rigid water-permeable jacket with one or more laser drilled small holes. As the tablet passes through the body, the osmotic pressure of water entering the tablet pushes the active drug through the opening in the tablet.

As used herein, “capsule” refers to a solid pharmaceutical oral dosage form wherein the active (and inactive) ingredient is encapsulated. Encapsulation refers to a range of techniques used to enclose medicines in a relatively stable shell known as a capsule, allowing them to, for example, be taken orally or be used as suppositories. The two main types of capsules include hard-shelled capsules, which are typically made using gelatin and contain dry, powdered ingredients or miniature pellets made by, e.g. processes of extrusion or spheronisation. These are made in two halves: a lower-diameter “body” that is filled and then sealed using a higher-diameter “cape”. The second main type of capsules include soft-shelled capsules, primarily used for oils and for active ingredients that are dissolved or suspended in oil. Both of these classes of capsules are made from aqueous solutions of gelling agents like such as animal protein mainly gelatin; and plant polysaccharides or their derivatives like carrageenans and modified forms of starch and cellulose. Other ingredients can be added to the gelling agent solution like plasticizers such as glycerin and/or sorbitol to decrease the capsule's hardness, coloring agents, preservatives, disintegrants, lubricants and surface treatment.

As used herein, “tablet” refers to a pharmaceutical dosage form that includes a mixture of active substances and excipients, usually in powder form, pressed or compacted from a powder into a solid dose. The excipients can include diluents, binders or granulating agents, glidants (flow aids) and lubricants to ensure efficient tabletting; disintegrants to promote tablet break-up in the digestive tract; sweeteners or flavours to enhance taste; and pigments to make the tablets visually attractive. A polymer coating is often applied to make the tablet smoother and easier to swallow, to control the release rate of the active ingredient, to make it more resistant to the environment (extending its shelf life), or to enhance the tablet's appearance.

As used herein, “orally dissolving tablet” or “ODT” refers to pharmaceutical dosage form designed to be dissolved on the tongue rather than swallowed whole. The ODT serves as an alternative dosage form for patients who experience dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing) or for where compliance is a known issue and therefore an easier dosage form to take ensures that medication is taken. Common among all age groups, dysphagia is observed in about 35% of the general population, as well as up to 60% of the elderly institutionalized population and 18-22% of all patients in long-term care facilities. Additional reasons to use ODTs include the convenience of a tablet that can be taken without water as well as the inability of the patient to eat or drink (e.g., nausea and/or vomiting).

As used herein, “oral thin film,” “OTF,” “oral dissolving film,” “oral drug strip,” “oral thin film,” “thin film,” “orally dissolvable film strip,” or “oral strip” refers to a product used to administer active ingredients via absorption in the mouth (buccally or sublingually), the stomach (gastrically), and/or via the small intestines (enterically). The OTF is edible and pharmaceutically acceptable. A film is prepared typically using hydrophilic polymers that rapidly dissolves on the tongue, palatine tissue, or buccal cavity, delivering the active ingredient to the systemic circulation via dissolution when contact with liquid is made. The OTF (or more appropriately “thin film” or “TF”) can also be used to adhere to mucosal tissue (e.g., at least one of mouth, nose, eye, vagina, and rectum), thereby locally delivering the active ingredient(s). As such, it is appreciated that those of skill in the art understand that reference to a thin film for use with mucosal tissue, such as nose, eye, vagina, and rectum, as an “oral thin film” or OTF is appropriate and acceptable.

The term “film” includes thin films and sheets, in any shape, including rectangular, square, or other desired shape. The films described herein may be any desired thickness and size such that it may be placed into the oral cavity of the user. For example, the films may have a relatively thin thickness of from about 0.1 to about 10 mils, or they may have a somewhat thicker thickness of from about 10 to about 30 mils. For some films, the thickness may be even larger, i.e., greater than about 30 mils. In addition, the term “film” includes single-layer compositions as well as multi-layer compositions, such as laminated films. The composition in its dried film form can effectively maintain a relatively uniform distribution of components through the application of controlled drying of the film. For example, the film can have no more than a 20%, 10%, 5%, or 1% variance of the active ingredient, per unit area of the film.

As used herein, “adhesive topical patch” or “transdermal patch” refers to a medicated adhesive patch that is placed on the skin to deliver a specific dose of medication through the skin and into the bloodstream. A transdermal patch or transdermal system (TDS) is a medicated adhesive patch that is placed on the skin to deliver a specific dose of drug through the skin and into the bloodstream. An advantage of a transdermal drug delivery route over other types of medication delivery such as oral, topical, intravenous, intramuscular, etc. is that the patch provides a controlled release of the medication into the patient, usually through either a porous membrane covering a reservoir of medication or through body heat melting thin layers of medication embedded in the adhesive. The main disadvantage to transdermal delivery systems stems from the fact that the skin is a very effective barrier; as a result, only medications whose molecules are small enough to penetrate the skin can effectively be delivered by this method.

The transdermal patch serves as an alternative dosage form for patients who experience dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing). Additional reasons to use transdermal patches include the convenience of a dosage form that can be taken without water as well as the inability of the patient to eat or drink (e.g., nausea and/or vomiting).

As used herein, “therapeutically effective amount” is intended to include an amount of a substance (or compound) described herein, or an amount of the combination of substances (or compounds) described herein, e.g., to treat or prevent the disease or disorder, or to treat the symptoms of the disease or disorder, in a host. The combination of substances (or compounds) is preferably a synergistic combination. Synergy, as described for example by Chou and Talalay, Adv. Enzyme Regul., 22:27 (1984), occurs when the effect of the compounds when administered in combination is greater than the additive effect of the compounds when administered alone as a single agent. In general, a synergistic effect is most clearly demonstrated at suboptimal concentrations of the compounds. Synergy can be in terms of lower cytotoxicity, increased activity, or some other beneficial effect of the combination compared with the individual components.

As used herein, “treating” or “treat” includes: (i) preventing a pathologic condition from occurring (e.g. prophylaxis); (ii) inhibiting the pathologic condition or arresting its development; (iii) relieving the pathologic condition; and/or (iv) diminishing symptoms associated with the pathologic condition.

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms that are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problems or complications commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.

As used herein, “neuro inflammation” refers to a medical condition wherein neural tissue undergoes an inflammatory response.

As used herein, “epilepsy” refers to a medical condition characterized by petit mal or grand mal seizures, resulting from aberrant brain electrical activity.

As used herein, “Alzheimer's disease” refers to a form of dementia in patients characterized by memory loss and formation of amyloid plaques in brain tissue.

As used herein, “oxidative injury” refers to an injury sustained by tissue components due to the reaction of those components with oxidizing substances.

As used herein, “vomiting” refers to a symptom of a medical condition whereby the contents of the stomach are ejected through the mouth.

As used herein, “nausea” refers to a sensation experienced by a patient of an imminent need to vomit, accompanied by dizziness or disorientation.

As used herein, “anxiety” refers to an emotional state in which a person experiences fear of some real or imagined future event.

As used herein, “anorexia” refers to a symptom characterized by loss of appetite for food.

As used herein, “arthritis” refers to inflammation of the bone fascia producing pain and immobility.

As used herein, “schizophrenia” refers to a mental health state characterized by disorientation, delusion, disorganized thinking, lack of emotion, and mental imbalance.

As used herein, “multiple sclerosis” refers to an inflammatory disease wherein myelin-producing cells surrounding neurons undergo deterioration, resulting in physical and mental symptoms.

As used herein, “joint inflammation” refers to an inflammatory response occurring in the bone joints, producing pain and immobility.

As used herein, “joint pain” refers to pain associated with the relative motion of two or more bones at a mutual joint thereof.

As used herein, “symptoms associated with AIDS” refers to those symptoms produced by infection of a patient with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), including reduced resistance to infections and formation of opportunistic tumors.

As used herein, “chronic pain” refers to pain experienced over a prolonged period of time.

As used herein, “acute pain” refers to pain of a high degree of severity.

As used herein, “neuropathic pain and spasticity” refers to pain and loss of muscle control produced by damage or disease that affects the somatosensory system, which can results from injury or disease of the central or peripheral nervous systems.

As used herein, “inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)” refers to inflammatory conditions afflicting the colon and small intestine, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.

As used herein, “tumor neovascularization” refers to the induction of blood vessel growth by a tumor, supplying increased blood flow to the neoplasm.

As used herein, “tumor growth” refers to the abnormal growth of neoplasms with the body.

As used herein, “cancer cell migration” refers to the physical translocation of metastatically transformed neoplastic cells within the body.

As used herein, “cancer cell adhesion” refers to the adhesion of metastatically transformed neoplastic cells to tissues and structures within the body.

As used herein, “cancer cell invasion” refers to a process whereby metastatically transformed neoplastic cells invade other tissues of the body.

As used herein, “cancer cell metastasization” refers to a cellular process whereby a cell becomes cancerous and capable of inducing metastatic transformation in normal cells, thereby spreading a cancer.

As sued herein “time release technology” refers to a mechanism used in pharmaceutical dosage forms (e.g., pill, tablet, capsule, transdermal patch, etc.) to dissolve a drug over time in order to be released slower and steadier into the bloodstream, while having the advantage of being taken at less frequent intervals than immediate-release (IR) formulations of the same drug. The time release technology can include sustained-release (SR), sustained-action (SA), extended-release (ER, XR, XL), timed-release (TR), controlled-release (CR), modified release (MR), or continuous-release (Contin).

There are certain considerations for the formation of time release formulation: (i) if the active compound has a long half-life (over 6 hours), it is sustained on its own; (ii) if the pharmacological activity of the active compound is not related to its blood levels, time releasing has little or no purpose; (iii) if the absorption of the active compound involves an active transport, the development of a time-release product may be problematic; and (iv) if the active compound has a short half-life, it would require a large amount to maintain a prolonged effective dose. In this case, a broad therapeutic window is necessary to avoid toxicity; otherwise, the risk is unwarranted and another mode of administration would be recommended.

As used herein, “single daily dosage” refers to a dose suitable for a single administration over a 24 hour period. The dose is configured for a single administration over a 24 hour period.

Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE)

Supercritical fluid extraction is an extraction wherein a fluid at a temperature and pressure above its critical point is employed; or a fluid above its critical temperature, regardless of pressure, is employed. Below the critical point, the fluid can coexist in both gas and liquid phases, but above the critical point there is only one phase. Equipment and techniques for carrying out supercritical fluid extraction are known to those skilled in the art. See, McHugh, M. And Krukonis, V., Supercritical Fluid Extraction, 2nd ed, Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, 1994; Johnston, K. P., Penninger, J. M. L., Supercritical Fluid Science and Technology, ACS Symposium Series 406, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C.; and Taylor, L. T., Supercritical Fluid Extraction, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1996.

In a supercritical fluid extraction, thermodynamic and transport properties of supercritical fluid are a function of density, which depends strongly on the fluid's pressure and temperature. The density may be adjusted from a gas-like value of 0.1 g/ml to a liquid-like value as high as 1.2 g/ml. Furthermore, as conditions approach the critical point, the effect of temperature and pressure on density becomes much more significant. For example, increasing the density of supercritical carbon dioxide from 0.2 to 0.5 g/ml typically requires raising the pressure from 85 atm to 140 atm (8.6 megapascals to 14.2 megapascals) at 158° F. (70° C.), but at 95° F. (35° C.) the required change is only from 65 atm to 80 atm (6.61 Mpa to 8.1 Mpa).

In specific embodiments, the supercritical fluid extraction can be carried out multiple times. In such embodiments, the supercritical fluid extraction is a fractional supercritical fluid extraction. “Fractional supercritical fluid extraction” (hereinafter “FSFE”) refers to a supercritical fluid extraction that is carried out multiple times. Each time the supercritical fluid extraction is carried out, at least one of the (i) solvent system (with respect to polarity and proticity), (ii) temperature and (iii) pressure will vary.

For example, in reference to Cannabis, the FSFE can include a supercritical fluid extraction that is carried out two times, three times, four times, etc. At each time (occurrence), the temperature, pressure, period of time, and supercritical fluid solvent system are each independently selected (e.g., can independently be the same or different).

When the SFE is carried out two times, the FSFE can include: (a) contacting Cannabis plant material with a supercritical fluid solvent system at a suitable pressure (e.g., between about 750 psi and 25,000 psi), and at a suitable temperature (e.g., between about −15° C. and 200° C.), to provide an extract of Cannabis and an extracted Cannabis plant material; (b) removing the supercritical fluid solvent system from the extract of Cannabis; (c) contacting the extracted Cannabis with a second supercritical fluid solvent system at a suitable pressure (e.g., between about 750 psi and 25,000 psi), and at a suitable temperature (e.g., between about −15° C. and 200° C.), to provide a second extract of Cannabis and a second extracted Cannabis plant material; and (d) removing the second supercritical fluid solvent system from the second extract of Cannabis.

When the SFE is carried out three times, the FSFE can include: (a) contacting Cannabis plant material with a supercritical fluid solvent system at a suitable pressure (e.g., between about 750 psi and 25,000 psi), and at a suitable temperature (e.g., between about −15° C. and 200° C.), to provide an extract of Cannabis and an extracted Cannabis plant material; (b) removing the supercritical fluid solvent system from the extract of Cannabis; (c) contacting the extracted Cannabis plant material with a second supercritical fluid solvent system at a suitable pressure (e.g., between about 750 psi and 25,000 psi), and at a suitable temperature (e.g., between about −15° C. and 200° C.), to provide a second extract of Cannabis and a second extracted Cannabis plant material; (d) removing the second supercritical fluid solvent system from the second extract of Cannabis; (e) contacting the second extracted Cannabis plant material with a third supercritical fluid solvent system at a suitable pressure (e.g., between about 750 psi and 25,000 psi), and at a suitable temperature (e.g., between about −15° C. and 200° C.), to provide a third extract of Cannabis and a third extracted Cannabis plant material; and (f) removing the third supercritical fluid solvent system from the third extract of Cannabis.

When the SFE is carried out four times, the FSFE can include: (a) contacting Cannabis with a supercritical fluid solvent system at a suitable pressure (e.g., between about 750 psi and 25,000 psi), and at a suitable temperature (e.g., between about −15° C. and 200° C.), to provide an extract of Cannabis and an extracted Cannabis plant material; (b) removing the supercritical fluid solvent system from the extract of Cannabis; (c) contacting the extracted Cannabis plant material with a second supercritical fluid solvent system at a suitable pressure (e.g., between about 750 psi and 25,000 psi), and at a suitable temperature (e.g., between about −15° C. and 200° C.), to provide a second extract of Cannabis and a second extracted Cannabis plant material; (d) removing the second supercritical fluid solvent system from the second extract of Cannabis; (e) contacting the second extracted Cannabis plant material with a third supercritical fluid solvent system at a suitable pressure (e.g., between about 750 psi and 25,000 psi), and at a suitable temperature (e.g., between about −15° C. and 200° C.), to provide a third extract of Cannabis and a third extracted Cannabis plant material; (f) removing the third supercritical fluid solvent system from the third extract of Cannabis; (g) contacting the third extracted Cannabis plant material with a fourth supercritical fluid solvent system at a suitable pressure (e.g., between about 750 psi and 25,000 psi), and at a suitable temperature (e.g., between about −15° C. and 200° C.), to provide a fourth extract of Cannabis and a fourth extracted Cannabis; and (h) removing the fourth supercritical fluid solvent system from the fourth extract of Cannabis.

Prior to an initial supercritical fluid extraction, the Cannabis may be dried of any water present. Such drying may increase the efficiency of the supercritical fluid extraction, or may just lower the cost of shipping and storage of Cannabis plant material. The Cannabis may be air-dried or dried at an elevated temperature with or without reduced pressure (i.e., in vacuo). Specifically, the Cannabis may be dried in vacuo at an elevated temperature. Machines capable of drying Cannabis are known in the art and include an oven, or similar device, such as a rotating air drum drier.

For use in the processes of the present invention, the temperature at which the Cannabis may be dried can be greater than about 25° C. Specifically, the temperature can be greater than about 30° C., greater than about 40° C., or greater than about 50° C. More specifically, the temperature can be greater than about 60° C., greater than about 70° C., or greater than about 80° C.

The supercritical fluid extraction can conveniently be carried out at a pressure of about 750 psi to about 50,000 psi. It is appreciated that those skilled in the art understand that higher pressures may enable faster extraction. In this case, it may be desirable to subsequently separate and purify the product. Specifically, the pressure may be about 1,000 psi to about 50,000 psi, about 1,500 psi to about 40,000 psi, about 2,000 psi to about 35,000 psi, or about 2,500 psi to about 30,000 psi. More specifically, the pressure may be about 1,000 psi to about 25,000 psi, about 1,000 psi to about 20,000 psi, about 1,000 psi to about 15,000 psi, or about 1,000 psi to about 10,000 psi. More specifically, the pressure may be about 2,000 psi to about 25,000 psi, about 2,000 psi to about 20,000 psi, about 2,000 psi to about 15,000 psi, or about 2,000 psi to about 12,000 psi.

For use in the processes of the present invention, the temperature of supercritical fluid extraction can conveniently be about 30° C. to about 250° C. Specifically, the temperature can be about 30° C. to about 200° C., about 30° C. to about 150° C., or about 30° C. to about 100° C. More specifically, the temperature can be about 35° C. to about 200° C., about 35° C. to about 150° C., or about 35° C. to about 100° C. More specifically, the temperature can be about 40° C. to about 200° C., about 40° C. to about 150° C., or about 40° C. to about 100° C.

For use in the processes of the present invention, the period of time of supercritical fluid extraction can conveniently be up to about 24 hours (e.g., about 1 minute to about 24 hours). For example, the period of time of supercritical fluid extraction can be about 5 minutes to about 12 hours, or about 10 minutes to about 1 hour. Specifically, the period of time of supercritical fluid extraction can be about 5-10 minutes, about 10-20 minutes, about 20-30 minutes, about 30-40 minutes, about 40-50 minutes, about 50-60 minutes, about 60-70 minutes, about 70-80 minutes, about 80-90 minutes, about 90-100 minutes, etc.

Supercritical fluid extraction employs a solvent (and optionally a co-solvent) which possesses physical properties suitable as a supercritical fluid. Suitable solvents (and co-solvents) useful in supercritical fluid extraction are disclosed, e.g., McHugh, M. And Krukonis, V., Supercritical Fluid Extraction, 2nd ed, Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, 1994; Johnston, K. P., Penninger, J. M. L., Supercritical Fluid Science and Technology, ACS Symposium Series 406, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C.; and Taylor, L. T., Supercritical Fluid Extraction, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1996. Suitable exemplary solvents (and co-solvents) useful in supercritical fluid extraction include: carbon dioxide (CO₂), hydrogen (H₂), neon (Ne), nitrogen (N₂), argon (Ar), methane (CH₄), ethane (CH₃CH₃), propane (CH₃CH₂CH₃), ammonia (NH₃), water (H₂O), xenon (Xe), methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-hexanol, 2-methoxy ethanol, tetrahydrofuran (THF), 1,4-dioxane, acetonitrile, methylene chloride, dichloroethane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, propylene carbonate, N,N-dimethylaceamide, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), formic acid, carbon disulfide, acetone, toluene, hexanes, pentanes, trifluoromethane (Freon® 23), nitrous oxide (N₂O), sulfur hexafluroide (SF₆), butane (n-C₄H₁₀), isobutane (i-C₄H₁₀), ethyl ether ((C₂H₅)₂O), benzotrifluoride (C₆H₅CF₃), (p-chlorophenyl) trifluoromethane (ClC₆H₄CF₃), chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), hydrofluorocarbon (HFA), and HFA-134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane).

Typically, when present, the co-solvent will be present in about 1 wt. % to about 50 wt. %, in about 1 wt. % to about 30 wt. %, or in about 1 wt. % to about 10 wt. % of the supercritical fluid solvent system.

The physical properties of carbon dioxide make it particularly attractive as a solvent for supercritical fluid extraction. Carbon dioxide is a major component of the atmosphere and is therefore relatively safe and abundant. In addition, carbon dioxide is relatively inexpensive. Compared to most other suitable solvents, carbon dioxide is environmentally friendly as it will not harm the atmosphere at the quantities used in the methods of the invention. Moreover, carbon dioxide is non-flammable and non-explosive. Further, carbon dioxide leaves no substantial residue or remnant upon evaporation.

Carbon dioxide also possesses physical properties which enable it to change polarity over the temperature range and pressure range normally employed in supercritical fluid extraction. As a result, carbon dioxide may act as a nonpolar solvent at one temperature and pressure but may act as a polar solvent at another temperature and pressure. By varying the temperature and pressure, the solvent properties may be modified. This allows for the isolation of more than one compound using a single solvent system.

The co-solvent can be employed for several practical reasons. The co-solvent decreases the time necessary for extraction, which decreases the costs incurred for the extraction process and increases the efficiency of the extraction process. In addition, the use of at least one co-solvent decreases the likelihood that the desired compound(s) will crystallize or gum out upon evaporation of the highly volatile solvent carbon dioxide. When the supercritical fluid extraction apparatus is dismantled and the desired compounds are obtained, the carbon dioxide will evaporate, leaving the desired crude compounds as a solid or gum-like tar. The use of the co-solvent allows the desired compound(s) to remain soluble in a solvent system.

The solvent employed in supercritical fluid extraction may be a single compound or may be a mixture of compounds. In addition, the solvent may include an additive. As used herein, an “additive” refers to a substance such that upon addition will modify the physical properties of the solvent. For example, an additive may be useful to modify the polarity, critical temperature, critical pressure, etc., of the solvent system. When present, the additive can be present in about 0.5 wt. % to about 25 wt. % of the solvent system, about 0.5 wt. % to about 20 wt. % of the solvent system, or about 0.5 wt. % to about 15 wt. % of the solvent system. Specifically, when present, the additive can be present in about 1 wt. % to about 15 wt. % of the solvent system, about 1 wt. % to about 10 wt. % of the solvent system, or about 1 wt. % to about 5 wt. % of the solvent system.

Suitable additives include, e.g., lower alcohols (e.g., methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-hexanol, or 2-methoxy ethanol); ethers (e.g., tetrahydrofuran or 1,4-dioxane); substituted hydrocarbons (e.g., acetonitrile, dichloromethane, ammonia or chloroform) propylene carbonate, N,N-dimethylaceamide; dimethyl sulfoxide; carboxylic acids (e.g., formic acid); water; carbon disulfide; lower ketones (e.g., acetone), hydrocarbons (e.g., propane, toluene, hexanes and pentanes); substituted aromatics (e.g., C₆H₅CF₃, and p-ClC₆H₄CF₃).

The SFE, or any SFE of the FSFE, can be carried out over a suitable and effective period of time. For use in the processes of the present invention, the suitable and effective period of time can be about 10 seconds to about 60 minutes. Specifically, the suitable and effective period of time can be about 20 seconds to about 60 minutes, about 30 seconds to about 60 minutes, or about 40 seconds to about 60 minutes. More specifically, the suitable and effective period of time can be about 10 seconds to about 30 minutes, about 10 seconds to about 20 minutes, or about 10 seconds to about 10 minutes. More specifically, the suitable and effective period of time can be about 20 seconds to about 40 minutes, about 30 seconds to about 30 minutes, or about 40 seconds to about 20 minutes.

Additional conditions (e.g., time, temperature and pressure), solvents, co-solvents, and apparatus, for carrying out the SFE are described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,501,250; 8,003,144; 7,811,997; 7,368,589; 7,214,379; 7,083,748; 6,909,021; 6,773,473; 6,746,695; 6,737,552; and 6,576,274.

Cannabis Concentrate

The present invention provides for a pharmaceutical dosage form that includes a Cannabis concentrate. The Cannabis concentrate is obtained from the Cannabis extract, which is obtained from the Cannabis plant material. The Cannabis concentrate can include, e.g., cannabinoids, terpenoids, and/or flavonoids. In various embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate (relative to the starting plant material) can be enriched with the desired product (e.g. cannabinoids, terpenoids, and/or flavonoids, or purified fractions in which certain cannabinoid compounds are enriched or depleted relative to other cannabinoid compounds). In further embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate (relative to the starting plant material) can be enriched with one or more specific desired products (e.g. cannabinoids) relative to other desired products (e.g., terpenoids and/or flavonoids). Additionally, compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can contain a lower concentration of unwanted material (e.g. terpenes, alkaloids, hemp oil, and/or cannabinoid acids).

In specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can be enriched in terpenoids, flavonoids, and/or cannabinoids. In further specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can be enriched in at least one of cannabinol (CBN); cannabinolic acid (CBNA); Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC); Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ(9)-THCA); Δ(9)-cannabidiol (Δ(9)-CBD); Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabidiolic acid (Δ(9)-CBDA); Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(8)-THC); Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ(8)-THCA); Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabidiol (Δ(8)-CBD); Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabidiolic acid (Δ(8)-CBDA); Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin (Δ(9)-THV); cannabigerol (CBG); cannabigerolic acid (CBGA); cannabichromene (CBC); cannabichromenic acid (CBCA); cannabicyclol (CBL); cannabicyclolic acid (CBLA); β-caryophyllene epoxide; mentha-1,8(9)-dien-5-ol; pulegone; limonene; limonene oxide; α-terpinene; terpinen-4-ol; carvacrol; carvone; 1,8-cineole; p-cymene; fenchone; pulegone-1,2epoxide; β-myrcene; cannaflavin A; and cannaflavin B.

In specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can include a therapeutically effective amount of at least one of cannabinol (CBN); cannabinolic acid (CBNA); Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC); Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ(9)-THCA); Δ(9)-cannabidiol (Δ(9)-CBD); Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabidiolic acid (Δ(9)-CBDA); Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(8)-THC); Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ(8)-THCA); Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabidiol (Δ(8)-CBD); Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabidiolic acid (Δ(8)-CBDA); Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin (Δ(9)-THV); cannabigerol (CBG); cannabigerolic acid (CBGA); cannabichromene (CBC); cannabichromenic acid (CBCA); cannabicyclol (CBL); cannabicyclolic acid (CBLA); β-caryophyllene epoxide; mentha-1,8(9)-dien-5-ol; pulegone; limonene; limonene oxide; α-terpinene; terpinen-4-ol; carvacrol; carvone; 1,8-cineole; p-cymene; fenchone; pulegone-1,2epoxide; β-myrcene; cannaflavin A; and cannaflavin B.

In specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can be enriched in cannabinol (CBN). In additional specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can include a therapeutically effective amount of cannabinol (CBN).

In specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can be enriched in cannabinolic acid (CBNA). In additional specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can include a therapeutically effective amount of cannabinolic acid (CBNA).

In specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can be enriched in Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC). In additional specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can include a therapeutically effective amount of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC).

In specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can be enriched in Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ(9)-THCA). In additional specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can include a therapeutically effective amount of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ(9)-THCA).

In specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can be enriched in Δ(9)-cannabidiol (Δ(9)-CBD). In additional specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can include a therapeutically effective amount of Δ(9)-cannabidiol (Δ(9)-CBD).

In specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can be enriched in Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabidiolic acid (Δ(9)-CBDA). In additional specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can include a therapeutically effective amount of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabidiolic acid (Δ(9)-CBDA).

In specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can be enriched in Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(8)-THC). In additional specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can include a therapeutically effective amount of Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(8)-THC).

In specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can be enriched in Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ(8)-THCA). In additional specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can include a therapeutically effective amount of Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ(8)-THCA).

In specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can be enriched in Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabidiol (Δ(8)-CBD). In additional specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can include a therapeutically effective amount of Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabidiol (Δ(8)-CBD).

In specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can be enriched in Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabidiolic acid (Δ(8)-CBDA). In additional specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can include a therapeutically effective amount of Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabidiolic acid (Δ(8)-CBDA).

In specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can be enriched in Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin (Δ(9)-THV). In additional specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can include a therapeutically effective amount of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin (Δ(9)-THV).

In specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can be enriched in cannabigerol (CBG). In additional specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can include a therapeutically effective amount of cannabigerol (CBG).

In specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can be enriched in cannabigerolic acid (CBGA). In additional specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can include a therapeutically effective amount of cannabigerolic acid (CBGA).

In specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can be enriched in cannabichromene (CBC). In additional specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can include a therapeutically effective amount of cannabichromene (CBC).

In specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can be enriched in cannabichromenic acid (CBCA). In additional specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can include a therapeutically effective amount of cannabichromenic acid (CBCA).

In specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can be enriched in cannabicyclol (CBL). In additional specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can include a therapeutically effective amount of cannabicyclol (CBL).

In specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can be enriched in cannabicyclolic acid (CBLA). In additional specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can include a therapeutically effective amount of cannabicyclolic acid (CBLA).

In specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can be enriched in β-caryophyllene epoxide. In additional specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can include a therapeutically effective amount of β-caryophyllene epoxide.

In specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can be enriched in mentha-1,8(9)-dien-5-ol. In additional specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can include a therapeutically effective amount of mentha-1,8(9)-dien-5-ol.

In specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can be enriched in pulegone. In additional specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can include a therapeutically effective amount of pulegone.

In specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can be enriched in limonene. In additional specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can include a therapeutically effective amount of limonene.

In specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can be enriched in limonene oxide. In additional specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can include a therapeutically effective amount of limonene oxide.

In specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can be enriched in α-terpinene. In additional specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can include a therapeutically effective amount of α-terpinene.

In specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can be enriched in terpinen-4-ol. In additional specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can include a therapeutically effective amount of terpinen-4-ol.

In specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can be enriched in carvacrol. In additional specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can include a therapeutically effective amount of carvacrol.

In specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can be enriched in carvone. In additional specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can include a therapeutically effective amount of carvone.

In specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can be enriched in 1,8-cineole. In additional specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can include a therapeutically effective amount of 1,8-cineole.

In specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can be enriched in p-cymene. In additional specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can include a therapeutically effective amount of p-cymene.

In specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can be enriched in fenchone. In additional specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can include a therapeutically effective amount of fenchone.

In specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can be enriched in pulegone-1,2epoxide. In additional specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can include a therapeutically effective amount of pulegone-1,2epoxide.

In specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can be enriched in β-myrcene. In additional specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can include a therapeutically effective amount of β-myrcene.

In specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can be enriched in cannaflavin A. In additional specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can include a therapeutically effective amount of cannaflavin A.

In specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can be enriched in cannaflavin B. In additional specific embodiments, the Cannabis concentrate can include a therapeutically effective amount of cannaflavin B.

In specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a higher concentration of cannabinol (CBN). In alternative specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a lower concentration of cannabinol (CBN).

In specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a higher concentration of cannabinolic acid (CBNA). In alternative specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a lower concentration of cannabinolic acid (CBNA).

In specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a higher concentration of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC). In alternative specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a lower concentration of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC).

In specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a higher concentration of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ(9)-THCA). In alternative specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a lower concentration of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ(9)-THCA).

In specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a higher concentration of Δ(9)-cannabidiol (Δ(9)-CBD). In alternative specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a lower concentration of Δ(9)-cannabidiol (Δ(9)-CBD).

In specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a higher concentration of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabidiolic acid (Δ(9)-CBDA). In specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a lower concentration of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabidiolic acid (Δ(9)-CBDA).

In specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a higher concentration of Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(8)-THC). In specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a lower concentration of Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(8)-THC).

In specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a higher concentration of Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ(8)-THCA). In specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a lower concentration of Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ(8)-THCA).

In specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a higher concentration of Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabidiol (Δ(8)-CBD). In specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a lower concentration of Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabidiol (Δ(8)-CBD).

In specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a higher concentration of Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabidiolic acid (Δ(8)-CBDA). In specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a lower concentration of Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabidiolic acid (Δ(8)-CBDA).

In specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a higher concentration of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin (Δ(9)-THV). In specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a lower concentration of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin (Δ(9)-THV).

In specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a higher concentration of cannabigerol (CBG). In specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a lower concentration of cannabigerol (CBG).

In specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a higher concentration of cannabigerolic acid (CBGA). In specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a lower concentration of cannabigerolic acid (CBGA).

In specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a higher concentration of cannabichromene (CBC). In alternative specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a lower concentration of cannabichromene (CBC).

In specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a higher concentration of cannabichromenic acid (CBCA). In alternative specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a lower concentration of cannabichromenic acid (CBCA).

In specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a higher concentration of cannabicyclol (CBL). In alternative specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a lower concentration of cannabicyclol (CBL).

In specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a higher concentration of cannabicyclolic acid (CBLA). In alternative specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a lower concentration of cannabicyclolic acid (CBLA).

In specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a higher concentration of β-caryophyllene epoxide. In alternative specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a lower concentration of β-caryophyllene epoxide.

In specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a higher concentration of mentha-1,8(9)-dien-5-ol. In alternative specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a lower concentration of mentha-1,8(9)-dien-5-ol.

In specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a higher concentration of pulegone. In alternative specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a lower concentration of pulegone.

In specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a higher concentration of limonene. In alternative specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a lower concentration of limonene.

In specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a higher concentration of limonene oxide. In alternative specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a lower concentration of limonene oxide.

In specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a higher concentration of α-terpinene. In alternative specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a lower concentration of α-terpinene.

In specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a higher concentration of terpinen-4-ol. In alternative specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a lower concentration of terpinen-4-ol.

In specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a higher concentration of carvacrol. In alternative specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a lower concentration of carvacrol.

In specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a higher concentration of carvone. In alternative specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a lower concentration of carvone.

In specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a higher concentration of 1,8-cineole. In alternative specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a lower concentration of 1,8-cineole.

In specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a higher concentration of p-cymene. In alternative specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a lower concentration of p-cymene.

In specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a higher concentration of fenchone. In alternative specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a lower concentration of fenchone.

In specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a higher concentration of pulegone-1,2epoxide. In alternative specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a lower concentration of pulegone-1,2epoxide.

In specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a higher concentration of β-myrcene. In alternative specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a lower concentration of β-myrcene.

In specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a higher concentration of cannaflavin A. In alternative specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a lower concentration of cannaflavin A.

In specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a higher concentration of cannaflavin B. In alternative specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a lower concentration of cannaflavin B.

In specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a higher concentration of cannabinoids. In additional specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a lower concentration of terpenoids. In further specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a higher concentration of cannabinoids and a lower concentration of terpenoids.

In specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a lower concentration of cannabinoids. In additional specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a higher concentration of terpenoids. In further specific embodiments, relative to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate can include a lower concentration of cannabinoids and a higher concentration of terpenoids.

Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API)

As described herein, the SFE (or FSFE) can be used to remove unwanted material (e.g. terpenes, alkaloids, hemp oil, and/or cannabinoid acids) from Cannabis plant material. Additionally, the SFE (or FSFE) can be used to obtain a desired product (e.g. cannabinoids, terpenoids, and/or flavonoids) from the Cannabis plant material. Exemplary desired products naturally present in Cannabis are illustrated in the table below.

Chemical Name Structural Formula Solubility cannabinol (CBN)

insol. water; sol. MeOH, EtOH, lipids, non-polar organic solvents cannabinolic acid (CBNA)

sol water, alkaline solutions; sol. alcohols Water Solubility Estimate from Log Kow (WSKOW v1.41): Water Solubility at 25° C. (mg/L): 0.001206 Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC)

0.0028 mg/mL (23° C.) water sol. MeOH, EtOH sol. lipids sol. non-polar organic solvents Δ(9)- tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ(9)-THCA)

sol water, alkaline solutions; sol. alcohols Δ(9)-cannabidiol (Δ(9)- CBD)

insol. water sol. pentane Δ(9)- tetrahydrocannabidiolic acid (Δ(9)-CBDA)

sol water, alkaline solutions; sol. alcohols Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(8)-THC)

insol. water sol. MeOH, EtOH sol. lipids sol. non-polar organic solvents Δ(8)- tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ(8)-THCA)

sol water, alkaline solutions; sol. alcohols Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabidiol (Δ(8)-CBD)

insol. water sol. pentane Δ(8)- tetrahydrocannabidiolic acid (Δ(8)-CBDA)

sol water, alkaline solutions; sol. alcohols Δ(9)- tetrahydrocannabivarin (Δ(9)-THV)

sol water, alkaline solutions; sol. alcohols cannabigerol (CBG)

insol. water Water Solubility Estimate from Log Kow (WSKOW v1.41): Water Solubility at 25° C. (mg/L): 0.003756 sol. pentane cannabigerolic acid (CBGA)

sol water, alkaline solutions; sol. alcohols; cannabichromene (CBC)

insol. water sol. pentane cannabichromenic acid (CBCA)

sol water, alkaline solutions; sol. alcohols cannabicyclol (CBL)

insol. water sol. pentane cannabicyclolic acid (CBLA)

sol water, alkaline solutions; sol. alcohols β-caryophyllene epoxide

insol. water sol. alcohols, organic solvents (ethers, halocarbons) mentha-1,8(9)-dien-5-ol

insol. water sol. alcohols, organic solvents (ethers, halocarbons) pulegone

insol. water sol. alcohols, organic solvents (ethers, halocarbons) limonene

insol. water sol. alcohols, organic solvents (ethers, halocarbons), hydrocarbons limonene oxide

insol. water sol. alcohols, organic solvents (ethers, halocarbons) α-terpinene

insol. water sol. alcohols, organic solvents (ethers, halocarbons), hydrocarbons terpinen-4-ol

insol. water sol. alcohols, organic solvents (ethers, halocarbons) carvacrol

sp. sol. water sol. alcohols, organic solvents (ethers, halocarbons) carvone

insol. water sol. alcohols, organic solvents (ethers, halocarbons) 1,8-cineole

insol. water sol. alcohols, organic solvents (ethers, halocarbons) p-cymene

insol. water sol. alcohols, organic solvents (ethers, halocarbons), hydrocarbons fenchone

insol. water sol. alcohols, organic solvents (ethers, halocarbons) pulegone-1,2epoxide

insol. water sol. alcohols, organic solvents (ethers, halocarbons) β-myrcene

insol. water sol. alcohols, organic solvents (ethers, halocarbons), hydrocarbons cannaflavin A

insol. water sol. alkalai sol. alcohols, ethers, halocarbons cannaflavin B

insol. water sol. alkalai sol. alcohols, ethers, halocarbons

Oral Thin Film (OTF)

The OTF includes a Cannabis concentrate. Formulation of oral thin films involves the application of both aesthetic and performance characteristics, such as, e.g., strip-forming polymers, plasticizers, active pharmaceutical ingredient, sweetening agents, saliva stimulating agent, flavoring agents, coloring agents, stabilizing and thickening agents. From the regulatory perspectives, all excipients used in the formulation of oral drug strips should be approved for use in oral pharmaceutical dosage forms.

The substances can be selected in an amount such that a desired dissolution rate can be targeted. Upon contact with mucosal tissue (including, e.g., oral mucosa) the TF will completely dissolve within the desired period of time. The period of time will vary but in reference to the oral cavity, the period of time will typically be within about 30-300 seconds.

The OTF can be placed on any suitable surface within the mouth (oral mucosa), including the roof of the mouth, cheek, tongue, and under the tongue (sublingual mucosa).

Dissolving films generally fall into three main classes: fast dissolving, moderate dissolving and slow dissolving. Fast dissolving films generally dissolve in about 1 second to about 30 seconds. Moderate dissolving films generally dissolve in about 1 to about 30 minutes, and slow dissolving films generally dissolve in more than 30 minutes.

The thin film can be manufactured in a manner, employing suitable ingredients, such that any one or more of the desired pharmacokinetic metrics (e.g., dose, area under the curve, peak plasma concentration, dosing intervals, time to reach peak plasma concentration, clearance, bioavailability, etc.) are achieved. For example, the thin film can be manufactured such that the thin film provides for an immediate release (IR) or a time-release (e.g., controlled release (CR), modified release (MR), extended release (ER), or combination thereof) of active ingredient. The thin films described herein therefore possess the potential to allow the development of sensitive drug targets that may otherwise not be feasible in tablet or liquid formulations.

The thin film described herein can include a mucoadhesive agent. The mucoadhesive agent, when placed in the oral cavity in contact with the mucosa therein, adheres to the mucosa. The mucoadhesive agent is especially effective in transmucosal delivery of the active ingredient, as the mucoadhesive agent permits a close and extended contact of the composition with the mucosal surface by promoting adherence of the composition or drug to the mucosa, and facilitates the release of the active ingredient from the composition. The mucoadhesive agent can be a polymeric compound, such as a cellulose derivative but it may be also a natural gum, alginate, pectin, or such similar polymer. The concentration of the mucoadhesive agent in the coating, such as a powder matrix coating, may be adjusted to vary the length of time that the film adheres to the mucosa or to vary the adhesive forces generated between the film and mucosa. The mucoadhesive agent may adhere to oral mucosa or to mucosa or tissue in other parts of the body, including the mouth, nose, eyes, vagina, and rectum.

Mucoadhesive agents include, e.g., carboxymethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone (povidone), sodium alginate, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, polyethylene glycols, carbopols, polycarbophils, carboxyvinyl copolymers, propylene glycol alginate, alginic acid, methyl methacrylate copolymers, tragacanth gum, guar gum, karaya gum, ethylene vinyl acetate, dimenthylpolysiloxanes, polyoxyalkylene block copolymers, pectin, chitosan, carrageenan, xanthan gum, gellan gum, locust bean gum, and hydroxyethylmethacrylate copolymers.

The thin film described herein can include a flavoring agent. “Flavoring agent” refers to a substance capable of providing a flavor. In addition to providing a palatable and pleasurable factor to the user, the flavoring agent can also mask undesirable flavors present in the OTF. The flavoring agent can include natural flavoring agents (e.g., extracts).

The thin film described herein can include a flavoring extract. “Flavor extract” refers to a flavoring agent obtained by extracting a part of a raw material, e.g., animal or plant material, often by using a solvent such as ethanol or water. The majority of natural essences are obtained by extracting the essential oil from the blossoms, fruit, roots, etc., or the whole plants, through four techniques: expression (when the oil is very plentiful and easily obtained, as in lemon peel), absorption (generally accomplished by steeping in alcohol, as vanilla beans), maceration (used to create smaller bits of the whole, as in making peppermint extract, etc.), and distillation (used with maceration, but in many cases, it requires expert chemical knowledge and the erection of costly stills).

Flavoring agents can include breath freshening compounds like menthol, spearmint, and cinnamon, coffee beans, other flavors or fragrances such as fruit (e.g., cherry, orange, grape, etc.) flavors, especially those used for oral hygiene, as well as actives used in dental and oral cleansing such as quaternary ammonium bases. The effect of flavors may be enhanced using flavor enhancers like tartaric acid, citric acid, vanillin, or the like.

The thin film described herein can include a sweetener. “Sweetener” refers to a substance capable of providing a palatable and pleasurable factor to the user, and/or capable of masking undesirable flavors present in the OTF. The sweetener can include one or more artificial sweeteners, one or more natural sweeteners, or a combination thereof.

Artificial sweeteners include, e.g., acesulfame and its various salts such as the potassium salt (available as Sunett®), alitame, aspartame (available as NutraSweet® and Equal®), salt of aspartame-acesulfame (available as Twinsweet®), neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, naringin dihydrochalcone, dihydrochalcone compounds, neotame, sodium cyclamate, saccharin and its various salts such as the sodium salt (available as Sweet′N Low®), stevia, chloro derivatives of sucrose such as sucralose (available as Kaltame® and Splenda®), and mogrosides.

Natural sweeteners include, e.g., glucose, dextrose, invert sugar, fructose, sucrose, glycyrrhizin; monoammonium glycyrrhizinate (sold under the trade name MagnaSweet®); Stevia rebaudiana (Stevioside), natural intensive sweeteners, such as Lo Han Kuo, polyols such as sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, erythritol, and the like.

The thin film described herein can include a bitter blocker. “Bitter blocker” refers to a substance capable of blocking or diminishing the bitter taste of another substance.

In specific embodiments, the thin film described can be palatable. “Palatable” refers to a substance (e.g., oral thin film) being relatively acceptable or agreeable to the palate or taste (e.g., sweet or savory), and in some cases to the olfactory nerves.

The thin film described herein can include a dye, pigment or coloring agent. “Dye or pigment” or “coloring agent” refers to a substance that imparts coloring and/or aesthetic appearance to the OTF. A dye is a colored substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied. The dye is generally applied in an aqueous solution, and requires a mordant to improve the fastness of the dye on the fiber. A pigment is a material that changes the color of reflected or transmitted light as the result of wavelength-selective absorption. This physical process differs from fluorescence, phosphorescence, and other forms of luminescence, in which a material emits light. Both dyes and pigments appear to be colored because they absorb some wavelengths of light more than others. In contrast with a dye, a pigment generally is insoluble, and has no affinity for the substrate. Some dyes can be precipitated with an inert salt to produce a lake pigment, and based on the salt used they could be aluminum lake, calcium lake or barium lake pigments.

One or more dyes, pigments, and coloring agents can be employed in the manufacture of the thin film, such that the thin film has the desired color. Suitable colors include, e.g., white, black, yellow, blue, green, pink, red, orange, violet, indigo, and brown. In specific embodiments, the color of the thin film can indicate the contents (e.g., one or more active ingredients) contained therein.

In specific embodiments, the thin film described herein can include a preservative. “Preservative” refers to an agent that extends the storage life of food and non-food products by retarding or preventing deterioration of flavor, odor, color, texture, appearance, nutritive value, or safety. A preservative need not provide a lethal, irreversible action resulting in partial or complete microbial cell destruction or incapacitation. Sterilants, sanitizers, disinfectants, sporicides, viracides and tuberculocidal agents provide such an irreversible mode of action, sometimes referred to as “bactericidal” action. In contrast, a preservative can provide an inhibitory or bacteriostatic action that is reversible, in that the target microbes can resume multiplication if the preservative is removed. The principal differences between a preservative and a sanitizer primarily involve mode of action (a preservative prevents growth rather than killing microorganisms) and exposure time (a preservative has days to months to act whereas a sanitizer has at most a few minutes to act).

In specific embodiments, the thin film described herein can have a suitable tensile strength. “Tensile strength” refers to the maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before failing or breaking Tensile strength is the opposite of compressive strength and the values can be quite different. Tensile strength is defined as a stress, which is measured as force per unit area. For some non-homogeneous materials (or for assembled components) it can be reported just as a force or as a force per unit width. In the SI system, the unit is the pascal (Pa) (or a multiple thereof, often megapascals (MPa), using the mega-prefix); or, equivalently to pascals, newtons per square meter (N/m²). The customary unit is pounds-force per square inch (lbf/in² or psi), or kilo-pounds per square inch (ksi, or sometimes kpsi), which is equal to 1000 psi; kilo-pounds per square inch are commonly used for convenience when measuring tensile strengths. Typically, the testing involves taking a small sample with a fixed cross-section area, and then pulling it with a controlled, gradually increasing force until the sample changes shape or breaks.

In specific embodiments, the thin film described herein can be pliable. “Pliable” refers to the ability of an article to readily bend, be flexible, or to be supple.

In specific embodiments, the thin film described herein can be non-sticky. “Non-sticky” refers to an article (e.g., thin film) not having the property of readily adhering or sticking to another surface (e.g., another article, manufacturing equipment, packaging material, the user, etc.) while not in use.

In specific embodiments, the thin film described herein can be soft. “Soft” refers to an article being relatively smooth and agreeable to the touch; not rough or coarse. Such an article will be capable of producing agreeable sensations, pleasant or comfortable, upon contact with an animal such as a human.

In specific embodiments, the thin film described herein can have chewable configuration. “Chewable configuration” refers to an article being manufactured in such a manner and with ingredients, that it possesses a configuration capable of being readily chewed by an animal, such as a human.

In specific embodiments, the thin film described herein can have a malleable configuration. “Malleable configuration” refers to refers to an article being manufactured in such a manner and with ingredients, that it possesses a configuration capable of being readily shaped or changed in form (e.g., folded, bent, rolled, twisted, flexed, etc.) without breaking.

In specific embodiments, the thin film described herein can have a ductile property. “Ductile property” refers to the ability of an article (e.g., thin film) being readily shaped or changed in form (e.g., folded, bent, rolled, twisted, flexed, etc.) without breaking.

In specific embodiments, the thin films described herein can be perforated. “Perforated” refers to the one or more holes, apertures or scores existing along a line to facilitate separation. Perforations on the thin films allow the user to conveniently administer smaller dosages of the active ingredient. This is especially useful, for example, when the patient is a child, who should receive a smaller dosage. Accurate dosing can be metered, e.g., by the weight, size, age, etc. of the patient.

The OTF serves as an alternative dosage form for patients who experience dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing) or for where compliance is a known issue and therefore an easier dosage form to take ensures that medication is taken. Additional reasons (and advantages) to use OTFs include the convenience of a dosage form that can be taken without water as well as the inability of the patient to eat or drink (e.g., experiencing nausea and/or vomiting).

Suitable oral thin films, and methods of preparing oral thin films, are described, e.g., in WO/2012/103464A2; WO/2013/085224A1; US 2013/0039955; US 2011/0305768; WO/2011/072208A1; US 2011/0142942; US 2013/0309294; WO/2012/104834A1; US 2012/0125351; and US 2011/0280925.

Transdermal Patch

The topical adhesive patch includes a backing having a front side and a back side. The patch includes a formulation that is in contact with the front side of the backing. The formulation includes an adhesive and Cannabis concentrate.

Since the backing can be porous and/or vapor permeable, many consumers typically refer to the device as a “patch,” a “skin patch,” a “topical patch,” or an “adhesive skin patch.” As such, the device will herein be referred interchangeably to as a patch, a skin patch, and/or an adhesive skin patch. It is appreciated that those skilled in the art understand that the term “patch” is used to refer to the device and is not otherwise limiting in any manner.

The topical adhesive patch can be manufactured in a manner, employing suitable ingredients, such that any one or more of the desired pharmacokinetic metrics (e.g., dose, area under the curve, peak plasma concentration, dosing intervals, time to reach peak plasma concentration, clearance, bioavailability, etc.) are achieved. For example, the topical adhesive patch can be manufactured such that the topical adhesive patch provides for an immediate release (IR) or a time-release (e.g., controlled release (CR), modified release (MR), extended release (ER), or combination thereof) of active ingredient. The topical adhesive patch described herein therefore possess the potential to allow the development of sensitive drug targets that may otherwise not be feasible in tablet or liquid formulations.

Backing

The backing is defined by a front side (the side exposed to the subject, or an article of clothing of the subject, during use) and a back side (the side exposed to the environment during use). The backing should be nonirritating to human skin. The backing is a self-supporting sheet of water soluble or water insoluble, polymeric or natural material that provides strength and integrity for the formulation. The backing of the adhesive patch can be vapor permeable. The backing can also be porous, since porosity provides openings for receiving the formulation, and it helps to assure that the adhesive skin patch is vapor permeable. Specifically, the backing can retain the formulation while allowing moisture from the skin to pass. Alternatively, the backing can be non-porous. The backing can have any suitable thickness. In specific embodiments, the suitable thickness allows for a flexible, bendable, pliable, vapor permeable, and/or a stretchable sheet of water insoluble porous material. Specifically, the thickness of the backing can be about 0.001 mm to about 5.0 mm, about 0.001 mm to about 3.0 mm, or about 0.025 mm to about 1.25 mm.

The backing can be manufactured from any suitable material. In specific embodiments, the suitable material forms a flexible, bendable, pliable, and/or stretchable backing. The backing includes a porous or non-porous sheet of water soluble or water insoluble material that provides support for the adhesive skin patch. The backing can include water soluble or water insoluble polymeric fibers, a porous film, or any other kind of matrix with spaces within the matrix. A specific backing is a lightweight, porous, pliable strip composed of a nonwoven fabric of polymeric or natural fibers such as polyester, cotton, or cellulose fibers bonded together with a sizing resin. The backing can be woven or nonwoven. In one embodiment, the backing includes nonwoven fabric. Specifically, the backing can include polyester fibers, polyurethane fibers, polyolefin fibers, polyamide fibers, natural fibers, cotton fibers, copolyester, copolyester fibers, cellulose acetate fibers, polycellulose fibers, or any mixture thereof. Additional stable, water insoluble flexible sheet materials and methods for manufacturing the suitable backings 2 are disclosed, e.g., in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,675,009; 5,536,263; 4,696,854; 5,741,510; and references cited therein, and are suitable as backings 2 according to the present invention. The infusion of the formulation into the backing can be accomplished, e.g., with the use of a continuous process mixer, as disclosed, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 5,536,263, and references cited therein; or as discussed herein.

In a specific embodiment, the backing can be manufactured from a substance or substances that are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for topical use.

The backing can be manufactured from a suitable non-woven fabric that is commercially available from, e.g., Freudenberg Faservliesstoffe K G (Weinham, Germany); Sontara Technologies (division of DuPont Corporation) (Old Hickory, Tenn.); Lystil S. A. (Brignoud Cedex, France); Dexter Nonwovens (Windsor Locks, Conn.); Testfabrics, Inc. (West Pittiston, Pa.); and Chicopee (New Brusnwick, N.J.). Other commercial vendors that supply suitable non-woven fabrics can be found at the Technical Textile website (http://www.technical-textiles.net/technical-textiles-index/orgL.htm).

Alternatively, the fibers of the backing can be interlocked mechanically by air or water.

The backing can include a front side and a back side. The adhesive skin patch can include a formulation located in at least a portion of the front side of the backing, on at least a portion of the front side of the backing, or on and in at least a portion of the front side of the backing. As such, the formulation can be located on the entire surface of the front side of the backing, or the formulation can be located on a portion of the surface of the front side of the backing.

In one embodiment, the formulation can be located on the entire surface of the front side of the backing. In addition to being located on the surface of the front side of the backing, the formulation can be located in at least a portion of the underlying surface of the front side of the backing (e.g., the formulation can be partially embedded into the backing).

The formulation can penetrate a substantial portion of the front side of the backing, as disclosed, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 5,536,263, and references cited therein. For example, the formulation can penetrate about one-tenth to about nine-tenths the thickness of the backing, or about one-fourth to about nine-tenths the thickness of the backing. As such, the formulation can be partially embedded into the backing. In one embodiment, the formulation can be located on the entire front side of the backing and partially in the front side of the backing (e.g., the formulation is partially embedded into the backing).

Alternatively, a portion of the front side of the backing can include the formulation and other portions of the front side of the backing can include any suitable and effective combination of the pressure sensitive adhesive and, optionally, the solvent. For example, a central circular portion of the front side of the backing can include the formulation while the remaining portions of the front side of the backing include only the pressure sensitive adhesive. The formulation, when partially embedded into the front side of the backing, can impart strength and structure into the adhesive patch. For example, when the formulation is partially embedded into the backing, the likelihood that the adhesive patch tears apart when separated from the release liner or when removed from the skin after use, is lowered.

When the adhesive skin patch is placed upon the skin of a subject (e.g., a human), the formulation can be in continuous contact with the skin surface of the subject.

In one embodiment, the adhesive skin patch, upon contact with skin, can allow the skin to breathe. In one embodiment, the adhesive skin patch, upon prolonged contact with skin, holds in place the formulation, and permits the skin to breathe over prolonged periods of time typically experienced with the use of the patch, e.g., up to about 7 days, up to about 24 hours, up to about 12 hours, up to about 8 hours, or up to about 6 hours.

The adhesive skin patch can be reversibly attached to a release liner. The release liner helps to maintain the adhesiveness of the adhesive skin patch prior to use, such as during manufacturing, packaging, shipping, and/or storage. Any suitable release liner can be employed for use in the present invention. Suitable release liners 10 are readily known to those of skill in the art. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,675,009; 5,536,263; 4,696,854; 5,741,510; and references cited therein for further descriptions of release liners 10 useful in the present invention. The release liner can include a perforation that allows the tab section of the release liner to be removed. Removal of the tab section of the release liner can allow the adhesive skin patch to be removed from the release liner with relative ease.

The backing can be a porous or non-porous, self-supporting sheet of water insoluble or water soluble, polymeric or natural material that provides strength and integrity for the formulation. For example, the backing can be water insoluble polymeric fibers, open cell foam backing (e.g., polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, or polyethylene), a porous film, or any other kind of matrix with spaces within the matrix. In one embodiment, the backing can include polyester, polyurethane, polyolefin, polyamide fibers, natural fibers, cotton fibers, polycellulose fibers, or any mixture thereof.

The back side of the backing of the patch can be relatively dry to the touch, such that upon contact, e.g., with a skin surface or article of clothing, no appreciable or significant amount of liquid, gel, ointment, fluid, lotion, and the like, present in the back side of the backing of the patch is transferred there from and deposited upon the skin surface or article of clothing.

The back side of the backing of the patch can have a relatively small degree of moisture, while still being considered a “dry” patch, and would still be relatively dry to the touch, such that upon contact, e.g., with a skin surface or article of clothing, no appreciable or significant amount of liquid, gel, ointment, fluid, lotion, and the like, present in the back side of the backing of the patch is transferred there from and deposited upon the skin surface or article of clothing.

In one embodiment, the back side of the backing of the patch can be relatively dry, upon touching.

Formulation

The patch can include a formulation that includes the Cannabis concentrate and adhesive, and optionally any one or more of a skin penetration enhancer, solvent, adhesive, polymer, humectant, topical moisturizer, polyhydric alcohol, and water.

The backing can include a front side and a back side. The patch can include a formulation located in at least a portion of the front side of the backing, located on at least a portion of the front side of the backing, or located on and in at least a portion of the front side of the backing. In one embodiment, the formulation is located on the entire front side of the backing and partially in the front side of the backing (e.g., the formulation is partially embedded into the backing).

The formulation can be positioned on and in any portion of the front side of the backing, i.e., the formulation can be positioned on at least a portion on the front side of the backing, in at least a portion on the front side of the backing, or on and in at least a portion on the front side of the backing. The formulation can be positioned in a portion of the front side of the backing (e.g., the formulation penetrates a substantial portion of the front side of the backing) as disclosed in, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,536,263, and references cited therein. For example, the formulation can penetrate a substantial portion of the front side of the backing, e.g., typically between about one-fourth to about nine-tenths the thickness of the backing.

In one embodiment, the formulation can be positioned on the entire front side of the backing. In this latter configuration, the formulation is in continuous contact with the entire front side of the backing. When the adhesive skin patch is placed upon the skin surface of a subject, the formulation is in continuous contact with the skin surface of the subject.

Alternatively, a portion of the front side of the backing can contain the formulation and other portions of the front side of the backing can contain any combination of the adhesive, and, optionally, the solvent. For example, a central circular portion of the front side of the backing can contain the formulation while the remaining portions of the front side of the backing contains only the adhesive.

The formulation can include a Cannabis concentrate and an adhesive, and optionally one or more of the following components: a solvent, one or more polymers, a humectant, a topical moisturizer, and one or more polyhydric alcohols.

The formulation can remain stable over the period of time typically experienced with the manufacturing, packaging, shipping, and/or storage of the adhesive skin patch, e.g., up to about a month, up to about a year, or up to about two years.

Solvent

The solvent can act as a carrier for, and in one embodiment, can dissolve, the adhesive. Any suitable solvent can be employed, provided the solvent effectively and independently dissolves the adhesive, and the solvent remains stable in the formulation. In one embodiment, the stability is over a prolonged period of time, e.g., up to about 2 years, up to about 1 year, or up to about 6 months, typically experienced in the manufacturing, packaging, shipping, and/or storage of the patch.

The solvent can include one or more organic compounds, one or more inorganic compounds, or mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the solvent will include one or more organic compounds, e.g., esters, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, fatty acids, partially or fully esterified fatty acids, wherein the structures are cyclic, non-cyclic (e.g., alkyl), alicyclic (e.g., a bridged ring compound) or aromatic, as well as organic compounds having combinations of these functional groups. Suitable exemplary solvents are disclosed, e.g., in Aldrich Handbook of Fine Chemicals, 2000-2001 (Milwaukee, Wis.). In one embodiment, the solvent includes water (e.g., deionized water).

In one embodiment of the present invention, the solvent can include a (C₁-C₁₂) acyclic hydrocarbon, a (C₃-C₁₂) cyclic hydrocarbon, a (C₆-C₁₂) aryl hydrocarbon, a (C₆-C₁₂) heteroaryl hydrocarbon, or a (C₃-C₁₂) heterocyclic hydrocarbon;

wherein any of the hydrocarbons can optionally include one or more carbon-carbon double bonds and any of the hydrocarbons can optionally include one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds;

wherein any of the hydrocarbons can optionally include one or more oxy (—O—), carbonyl (—C(═O)C—), carboxylato (—C(═O)O—), dioxy (—O—O—), dithio (—S—S—), imino (—NH—), methylene dioxy (—OCH₂O—), sulfinyl (—SO—), sulfonyl (—SO₂—), or thio (—S—);

wherein any of the hydrocarbons can optionally be substituted with one or more amino, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, (C₁-C₁₂)alkoxy, halo, trifluoro, trifluoro (C₁-C₁₂)alkyl, NR¹R², or COOR¹; wherein R¹ and R² are each independently hydrogen, a (C₁-C₁₂) acyclic hydrocarbon or a (C₃-C₁₂) cyclic hydrocarbon.

The solvent can be employed in any suitable amount, provided the amount of solvent is effective to independently dissolve the adhesive and the effective amount of solvent remains stable in the formulation. In one embodiment, the stability is over a prolonged period of time, e.g., up to about 2 years, up to about 1 year, or up to about 6 months, typically experienced in the manufacturing, packaging, shipping, and/or storage of the patch.

In a specific embodiment, the nature and amount of the solvent is selected, such that it will be generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for topical use.

Adhesive

Any suitable adhesive can be employed, provided the adhesive provides the requisite adhesiveness to the patch and the adhesive remains stable in the formulation. In one embodiment, the stability is over a prolonged period of time, e.g., up to about 2 years, up to about 1 year, or up to about 6 months, typically experienced in the manufacturing, packaging, shipping, and/or storage of the patch. It is appreciated that the suitable adhesives would be known to those skilled in the art. Suitable adhesives are disclosed, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 4,675,009; U.S. Pat. No. 5,536,263; U.S. Pat. No. 4,696,854; U.S. Pat. No. 5,741,510, and references cited therein. In one embodiment the adhesive is an acrylic ester copolymer.

Any suitable amount of adhesive can be employed, provided the amount of adhesive effectively provides the requisite adhesiveness to the patch and the effective amount of the adhesive remains stable in the formulation over a prolonged period of time. Typically, the suitable amount of adhesive depends upon the specific adhesive or adhesives employed. The formulation can include an adhesive in about 0.1 wt. % to about 50 wt. % of the formulation. In one embodiment, the formulation can include an adhesive in about 0.5 wt. % to about 10.0 wt. % of the formulation. In one embodiment, the formulation can include an adhesive in about 1.0 wt. % to about 15.0 wt. % of the formulation.

Alternatively, the adhesive can include a hot melt pressure sensitive adhesive or solvent based pressure sensitive adhesive (e.g., polyacrylate, polyisobutylene, and polybutene), rubber, silicone based pressure sensitive adhesives (e.g., polydimethylsiloxane and resin mixtures), polystyrene-polybutadiene-polystyrene, polystyrene-polyisoprene-polystyrene, polystyrene-poly(ethylene-butylene)-polystyrene block polymers, or any combination thereof. In addition, the adhesive can include a resin emulsion adhesive, wherein the resin emulsion adhesive can include vinyl acetate resin, acrylic ester copolymer, vinyl actetate/diocyl maleate copolymer, acrylic copolymer, or any combination thereof.

Other suitable adhesives are disclosed, e.g., in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,675,009; 5,536,263; 4,696,854; 5,741,510; and references cited therein.

The adhesive can be located on and in any portion of the formulation. In one embodiment, the adhesive can be located on the entire skin contact side of the formulation. When the adhesive skin patch is placed upon the skin surface of a subject, the adhesive in this configuration is in continuous contact with the skin surface of the subject.

In a specific embodiment, the nature and amount of the adhesive is selected, such that it will be generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for topical use.

Polymers

The formulation can optionally include one or more polymers. The polymer provides structure and strength to the adhesive or can contain and release the active agent in a second formulation. Any suitable polymer can be employed, provided the polymer provides structure and strength to the adhesive and the polymer remains stable in the formulation. In one embodiment, the stability is over a prolonged period of time, e.g., up to about 2 years, up to about 1 year, or up to about 6 months, typically experienced in the manufacturing, packaging, shipping, and/or storage of the patch.

The suitable amount of polymer can depend upon the specific polymer or polymers employed. For example, gum karaya can be employed as the polymer in about 10 wt. % to about 55 wt. % of the formulation, in about 20 wt. % to about 35 wt. % of the formulation, or in about 23 wt. % to about 29 wt. % of the formulation. In one embodiment, gum karaya can be employed as the polymer in about 24 wt. % to about 28 wt. % of the formulation.

Suitable polymers include, e.g., starch, starch derivatives, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyethylene oxide, polyacrylate quats, polymaleic acid, polymaleic anhydride, polyurethanes, polyureas, gum karaya, gum acacia, locust bean gum, xanthan gum, guar gum, modified guar gum, maltodextrin, carboxymethyl cellulose, carboxypropyl cellulose, polyacrylamide, polyvinyl alcohol, poly AMPS, and polyacrylates. Other suitable polymers are disclosed, e.g., in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,675,009; 5,536,263; 4,696,854; 5,741,510; and references cited therein. In one embodiment, the polymer is gum karaya. The term “gum karaya” refers to a vegetable gum produced as an exudate by trees of the genus Sterculia. Chemically, gum karaya is an acid polysaccharide composed of the sugars galactose, rhamnose, and galacturonic acid.

In a specific embodiment, the nature and amount of the polymer is selected, such that it will be generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for topical use.

Humectant

The formulation can optionally include one or more humectants to provide a moistening effect to the adhesive. For example, the humectant can hydrate the polymer. Any suitable humectant can be employed, provided the humectant effectively provides a moistening effect to the adhesive and the humectant remains stable in the formulation. In one embodiment, the stability is over a prolonged period of time, e.g., up to about 2 years, up to about 1 year, or up to about 6 months, typically experienced in the manufacturing, packaging, shipping, and/or storage of the patch. One suitable humectant is glycerin. Other suitable humectants include polyhydric alcohols such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, and sorbitol.

Any suitable amount of humectant can be employed, provided the amount of humectant effectively provides a moistening effect to the adhesive and the effective amount of humectant remains stable in the formulation. The suitable amount of humectant can depend upon the specific humectant or humectants employed and the specific polymer or polymers employed. For example, gum karaya can be employed as the polymer and glycerin can be employed as the humectant in about 20 wt. % to about 70 wt. % of the formulation, and in one embodiment about 30 wt. % to about 60 wt. % of the formulation, or about 40 wt. % to about 50 wt. % of the formulation.

In a specific embodiment, the nature and amount of the humectant is selected, such that it will be generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for topical use.

Topical Moisturizer

The formulation can optionally include a topical moisturizer (e.g., skin protectant). Any suitable topical skin protectant can be employed, provided the skin is effectively protected or moisturized and the skin protectant remains stable in the formulation. In one embodiment, the stability is over a prolonged period of time, e.g., up to about 2 years, up to about 1 year, or up to about 6 months, typically experienced in the manufacturing, packaging, shipping, and/or storage of the patch. Suitable skin protectants include, e.g. aloe, lanolin, glycerin, calamine, Vitamin E, Vitamin E acetate, Vitamin C, allantoin, aluminum hydroxide gel, bismuth subnitrate, boric acid, calamine, cocoa butter, dimethicone, glycerin, kaolin, live yeast cell derivative, petrolatum, pyridoxine hydrochloride, shark liver oil, sodium bicarbonate, sulfur, tannic acid, topical starch, trolamine, white petrolatum, zinc acetate, zinc carbonate zinc oxide, zinc sulfate, shea butter, and any combination thereof.

As used herein, calamine is a pink powder of zinc oxide and a skin protectant containing about 98% zinc oxide and about 0.5% ferric oxide; aloe is the dried latex of leaves of Curaco Aloe (Aloe barbadenis Miller, Aloe vera Linne) or Cape Aloe (Aloe ferox Miller and hybrids), of the family Liliacaea; Vitamin E is 3,4-dihydro-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-2H-1-benzopy-ran-6-ol; Vitamin E acetate is 3,4-dihydro-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-2H-1-benzopy-ran-6-ol acetate; and lanolin is the fat-like secretion of the sebaceous glands of sheep (i.e., complex mixture of esters and polyesters of 33 high molecular weight alcohols and 36 fatty acids) which is deposited onto the wool fibers. In one embodiment, the topical moisturizer can be aloe and Vitamin E.

Aloe is commercially available as Aloe Vera Gel from Terry Laboratories (Melbourne, Fla.). Aloe Vera Gel is commercially available as Aloe Vera Gel 40.times. (20.0 wt. % solution in water), Aloe Vera Gel 1.times. (0.5 wt. % solution in water), Aloe Vera Gel (5.0 wt. % solution in water), or solid Aloe Vera. The solid Aloe Vera can be dissolved in a carrier, such as water, to the desired concentration. In addition, the commercially available forms of Aloe Vera are optionally available as decolorized Aloe Vera.

Any suitable amount of topical moisturizer can be employed, provided the suitable amount of topical moisturizer or skin protectant effectively protects or moisturizes the skin and the effective amount of skin protectant remains stable in the formulation over a prolonged period of time. The suitable and effective amount of topical moisturizer can depend in part upon the specific moisturizer or moisturizers present in the formulation. For example, Aloe Vera Gel can be present up to about 40.0 wt. % of the formulation. In one embodiment, Aloe Vera Gel can be present up to about 5.0 wt. % of the formulation. In one embodiment, Aloe Vera Gel can be present up to about 1.0 wt. % of the formulation. In addition, Vitamin E acetate can be present up to about 5 wt. % of the formulation. In one embodiment, Vitamin E acetate can be present up to about 1.0 wt. % of the formulation. In one embodiment, Vitamin E acetate can be present up to about 0.5 wt. % of the formulation.

In a specific embodiment, the nature and amount of the topical moisturizer is selected, such that it will be generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for topical use.

Polyhydric Alcohol

The formulation can optionally include one or more polyhydric alcohols. Suitable polyhydric alcohols include, e.g., ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, sorbitol, or any combination thereof. Specifically, the polyhydric alcohol can include propylene glycol.

Any suitable amount of polyhydric alcohol can be employed. For example, when present in the formulation, the polyhydric alcohol can be present up to about 35 wt. % of the formulation, up to about 15 wt. % of the formulation, or up to about 5 wt. % of the formulation. In one embodiment, the polyhydric alcohol can be present in about 0.5 wt. % to about 5.0 wt. % of the formulation.

Water

The formulation can optionally include water, e.g., deionized water (DI). Any suitable amount of water can be employed, provided the amount of water maintains the adhesiveness of the adhesive and maintains the appropriate stability of the formulation. For example, deionized water can be present up to about 50 wt. % of the formulation, up to about 40.0 wt. % of the formulation, or up to about 30.0 wt. % of the formulation. In one embodiment, deionized water can be present up to about 20.0 wt. % of the formulation. In one embodiment, deionized water can be present up to about 10.0 wt. % of the formulation. In one embodiment, deionized water can be present in about 5.0 wt. % to about 15.0 wt. % of the formulation.

Skin Penetration Enhancer

The formulation can optionally include a skin penetration enhancer (or skin permeation enhancer). Any skin penetration enhancer can be employed, provided the skin penetration enhancer is safe (e.g., is on the GRAS list) and effectively facilitates the passage of Cannabis concentrate (or any desired substances contained therein) across the skin membrane. Suitable skin penetration enhancers include, e.g., dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), monoglycerides, C₁₀-C₂₀ fatty acid esters including ethyl palmitate and isopropyl myristate; acyl lactylates such as caproyl lactylic acid and lauroyl lactylic acid; dimethyl lauramide; dodecyl (lauryl) acetate; lactate esters such as lauryl lactate, and myristyl lactate; monoalkyl ethers of polyethyleneglycol and their alkyl or aryl carboxylic acid esters and carboxymethyl ethers such as polyethylene glycol-4 lauryl ether (Laureth-4) and polyethylene glycol-2 lauryl ether (Laureth-2); Myreth-3, myristyl sarcosine, and methyl laurate; polypropylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, lecithin, urea, amino acids, 1-dodecylhexahydro-2H-azepine 2-one (Azone), oleic acid, linoleic acid, isopropyl linoleate, oleyl alcohol, 1-dodecyl-azacycloheptan-2-one, and butanediol.

Any suitable amount of skin penetration enhancer can be employed, provided the amount of skin penetration enhancer facilitates the passage of Cannabis concentrate (or any desired substances contained therein) across the skin membrane. For example, the skin penetration enhancer can be present up to about 50 wt. % of the formulation, up to about 40.0 wt. % of the formulation, or up to about 30.0 wt. % of the formulation. In one embodiment, the skin penetration enhancer can be present up to about 20.0 wt. % of the formulation. In one embodiment, the skin penetration enhancer can be present up to about 10.0 wt. % of the formulation. In one embodiment, the skin penetration enhancer can be present in about 0.25 wt. % to about 15.0 wt. % of the formulation.

The Patch

The adhesive skin patch can have any suitable size and shape. In addition, the adhesive skin patch can be cut, as desired, to provide an adhesive skin patch of a suitable size and shape. The adhesive skin patch can be cut with any suitable cutting device such as a scissors, scalpel, or knife.

In one embodiment, the adhesive skin patch has a length of about 0.1 inch to about 12 inches (about 2.54 mm to about 304.8 mm), about 0.1 inch to about 8 inches (about 2.54 mm to about 203.2 mm), of about 0.20 inch to about 4 inches (about 5.08 mm to about 101.6 mm), or about 0.2 inches to about 2.0 inches (about 5.08 mm to about 50.8 mm). In one embodiment, the adhesive skin patch has a length of about 1.0 inch to about 8 inches (about 25.4 mm to about 203.2 mm), about 2 inches (about 50.8 mm to about 152.4 mm) to about 6 inches (about 5.08 mm to about 152.4 mm), or about 3 inches to about 4 inches (about 76.2 mm to about 101.6 mm).

In one embodiment, the adhesive skin patch has a width of about 0.1 inch to about 12.0 inches (about 2.54 mm to about 304.8 mm), about 0.1 inch to about 4 inches (about 2.54 mm to about 101.6 mm), about 0.20 inches to about 2.0 inches (about 5.08 mm to about 50.8 mm), or about 0.2 inches to about 1.0 inch (about 5.08 mm to about 25.4 mm). In one embodiment, the adhesive skin patch has a width of about 1.0 inch to about 8 inches (about 25.4 mm to about 203.2 mm), about 2 inches to about 6 inches (about 50.8 to about 152.4 mm), or about 3 inches to about 4 inches (about 76.2 mm to about 101.6 mm).

In one specific embodiment of the present invention, the adhesive skin patch can be oval or elliptical in shape. The oval or elliptical patch can have a length of about 0.25 inches to about 0.50 inches (6.35 mm to about 12.7 mm) and a width of about 0.25 inches to about 0.50 inches (6.35 mm to about 12.7 mm). In another specific embodiment of the present invention, the adhesive skin patch can have a circular shape. The circular patch can have a diameter of about 0.25 inches to about 0.50 inches (6.35 mm to about 12.7 mm).

In one embodiment, the adhesive skin patch can be individually wrapped. Some consumers have shown a preference for adhesive skin patches that are individually wrapped. The individually wrapped adhesive skin patch offers to the consumer the ability and convenience of being able to carry a few (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) adhesive skin patches that are each individually wrapped. In such an embodiment, the use of one patch will not compromise the cleanliness and/or sterility of the remaining patches. Alternatively, more than one adhesive skin patch can be wrapped together. For example, 2 to about 20, 2 to about 15, or 2 to about 10 adhesive skin patches can be wrapped together. The cost of such packaging and wrapping can be decreased, compared to skin patches that are individually wrapped. In one specific embodiment, the adhesive skin patch can be individually wrapped as a right and left handed pair. The cost of having two or more patches wrapped together is typically less expensive than skin patches that are individually wrapped.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the adhesive patch is sterile. The adhesive patch can be sterilized by any suitable means known to those of skill in the art. For example, the adhesive patch of the present invention can be sterilized by irradiation. Specifically, the adhesive patch of the present invention can be sterilized by terminal irradiation (e.g., when the adhesive patch of the present invention is in the package).

Production of the Patch

The adhesive patch of the present invention can be formulated or manufactured employing the above components. The adhesive patch of the present invention can be formulated or manufactured using any suitable technique. In one embodiment, the adhesive patch can be formulated or manufactured as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,536,263; 5,741,510; and references cited therein.

The adhesive patch can be applied to any skin surface of a subject. The subject can be a human (e.g., child that is younger than 18 years of age). The adhesive patch can be applied by the subject, or by another person (e.g., parent, nurse, or physician).

Additional transdermal patches, and methods of preparing transdermal patches, are described, e.g., in US 2009/0028929; WO/2012/026829A1; US 2013/0220846; U.S. Pat. No. 8,095,213; U.S. Pat. No. 5,948,433; US 2014/0031770; WO/2013/027681A1; WO/2012/105624A1; WO/2008/008135A1; US 2008/0008747; WO/2008/133982A2; EP0674913A2; WO/2000/069405A1; U.S. Pat. No. 5,536,263; U.S. Pat. No. 5,741,510; U.S. Pat. No. 6,096,334; and US 2011/0293681.

Specific Ranges, Values, and Embodiments

Specific ranges, values, and embodiments provided below are for illustration purposes only and do not otherwise limit the scope of the invention, as defined by the claims. The specific ranges, values, and embodiments described below encompass all combinations and sub-combinations of each disclosed range, value, and embodiment, whether or not expressly described as such

Solvent System

When the SFE is carried out one time, the SFE can include: (i) a polar protic solvent system, (ii) a polar aprotic solvent system, (iii) a nonpolar protic solvent system, or (iv) a nonpolar aprotic solvent system.

In specific embodiments, the SFE is carried out one time, wherein the SFE includes a solvent systems illustrated in any one of 1-4 below.

No. SFE solvent system 1 polar protic 2 polar aprotic 3 nonpolar protic 4 nonpolar aprotic

When the SFE is carried out two times, each FSFE can independently include: (i) a polar protic solvent system, (ii) a polar aprotic solvent system, (iii) a nonpolar protic solvent system, or (iv) a nonpolar aprotic solvent system.

In specific embodiments, the SFE is carried out two times, wherein the first and second FSFEs include solvent systems illustrated in any one of 1-16 below. When the first and second FSFEs include solvent systems having the same combination of polarity and proticity (e.g., both the first and second FSFEs include polar aprotic solvent systems), those FSFEs will typically be carried out at a different temperature and/or pressure.

No. First FSFE solvent system Second FSFE solvent system 1 polar protic polar protic 2 polar protic polar aprotic 3 polar protic nonpolar protic 4 polar protic nonpolar aprotic 5 polar aprotic polar protic 6 polar aprotic polar aprotic 7 polar aprotic nonpolar protic 8 polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic 9 nonpolar protic polar protic 10 nonpolar protic polar aprotic 11 nonpolar protic nonpolar protic 12 nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic 13 nonpolar aprotic polar protic 14 nonpolar aprotic polar aprotic 15 nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic 16 nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic

When the SFE is carried out three times, each FSFE can independently include: (i) a polar protic solvent system, (ii) a polar aprotic solvent system, (iii) a nonpolar protic solvent system, or (iv) a nonpolar aprotic solvent system.

In specific embodiments, the SFE is carried out three times, wherein the first, second and third FSFEs include solvent systems illustrated in any one of 1-64 below. When at least two of the first, second and third FSFEs include solvent systems having the same combination of polarity and proticity (e.g., both the second and third FSFEs include polar aprotic solvent systems), those FSFEs will typically be carried out at a different temperature and/or pressure.

First FSFE Second FSFE Third FSFE No. solvent system solvent system solvent system 1 polar protic polar protic polar protic 2 polar protic polar protic polar aprotic 3 polar protic polar protic nonpolar protic 4 polar protic polar protic nonpolar aprotic 5 polar protic polar aprotic polar protic 6 polar protic polar aprotic polar aprotic 7 polar protic polar aprotic nonpolar protic 8 polar protic polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic 9 polar protic nonpolar protic polar protic 10 polar protic nonpolar protic polar aprotic 11 polar protic nonpolar protic nonpolar protic 12 polar protic nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic 13 polar protic nonpolar aprotic polar protic 14 polar protic nonpolar aprotic polar aprotic 15 polar protic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic 16 polar protic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic 17 polar aprotic polar protic polar protic 18 polar aprotic polar protic polar aprotic 19 polar aprotic polar protic nonpolar protic 20 polar aprotic polar protic nonpolar aprotic 21 polar aprotic polar aprotic polar protic 22 polar aprotic polar aprotic polar aprotic 23 polar aprotic polar aprotic nonpolar protic 24 polar aprotic polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic 25 polar aprotic nonpolar protic polar protic 26 polar aprotic nonpolar protic polar aprotic 27 polar aprotic nonpolar protic nonpolar protic 28 polar aprotic nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic 29 polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic polar protic 30 polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic polar aprotic 31 polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic 32 polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic 33 nonpolar protic polar protic polar protic 34 nonpolar protic polar protic polar aprotic 35 nonpolar protic polar protic nonpolar protic 36 nonpolar protic polar protic nonpolar aprotic 37 nonpolar protic polar aprotic polar protic 38 nonpolar protic polar aprotic polar aprotic 39 nonpolar protic polar aprotic nonpolar protic 40 nonpolar protic polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic 41 nonpolar protic nonpolar protic polar protic 42 nonpolar protic nonpolar protic polar aprotic 43 nonpolar protic nonpolar protic nonpolar protic 44 nonpolar protic nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic 45 nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic polar protic 46 nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic polar aprotic 47 nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic 48 nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic 49 nonpolar aprotic polar protic polar protic 50 nonpolar aprotic polar protic polar aprotic 51 nonpolar aprotic polar protic nonpolar protic 52 nonpolar aprotic polar protic nonpolar aprotic 53 nonpolar aprotic polar aprotic polar protic 54 nonpolar aprotic polar aprotic polar aprotic 55 nonpolar aprotic polar aprotic nonpolar protic 56 nonpolar aprotic polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic 57 nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic polar protic 58 nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic polar aprotic 59 nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic nonpolar protic 60 nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic 61 nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic polar protic 62 nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic polar aprotic 63 nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic 64 nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic

When the SFE is carried out four times, each FSFE can independently include: (i) a polar protic solvent system, (ii) a polar aprotic solvent system, (iii) a nonpolar protic solvent system, or (iv) a nonpolar aprotic solvent system.

In specific embodiments, the SFE is carried out four times, wherein the first, second, third and fourth FSFEs include solvent systems illustrated in any one of 1-256 below. When at least two of the first, second, third and fourth FSFEs include solvent systems having the same combination of polarity and proticity (e.g., both the third and fourth FSFEs include polar aprotic solvent systems), those FSFEs will typically be carried out at a different temperature and/or pressure.

First FSFE Second FSFE Third FSFE Fourth FSFE No. solvent system solvent system solvent system solvent system 1 polar protic polar protic polar protic polar protic 2 polar protic polar protic polar protic polar aprotic 3 polar protic polar protic polar protic nonpolar protic 4 polar protic polar protic polar protic nonpolar aprotic 5 polar protic polar protic polar aprotic polar protic 6 polar protic polar protic polar aprotic polar aprotic 7 polar protic polar protic polar aprotic nonpolar protic 8 polar protic polar protic polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic 9 polar protic polar protic nonpolar protic polar protic 10 polar protic polar protic nonpolar protic polar aprotic 11 polar protic polar protic nonpolar protic nonpolar protic 12 polar protic polar protic nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic 13 polar protic polar protic nonpolar aprotic polar protic 14 polar protic polar protic nonpolar aprotic polar aprotic 15 polar protic polar protic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic 16 polar protic polar protic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic 17 polar protic polar aprotic polar protic polar protic 18 polar protic polar aprotic polar protic polar aprotic 19 polar protic polar aprotic polar protic nonpolar protic 20 polar protic polar aprotic polar protic nonpolar aprotic 21 polar protic polar aprotic polar aprotic polar aprotic 22 polar protic polar aprotic polar aprotic polar aprotic 23 polar protic polar aprotic polar aprotic nonpolar protic 24 polar protic polar aprotic polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic 25 polar protic polar aprotic nonpolar protic polar protic 26 polar protic polar aprotic nonpolar protic polar aprotic 27 polar protic polar aprotic nonpolar protic nonpolar protic 28 polar protic polar aprotic nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic 29 polar protic polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic polar protic 30 polar protic polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic polar aprotic 31 polar protic polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic 32 polar protic polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic 33 polar protic nonpolar protic polar protic polar protic 34 polar protic nonpolar protic polar protic polar aprotic 35 polar protic nonpolar protic polar protic nonpolar protic 36 polar protic nonpolar protic polar protic nonpolar aprotic 37 polar protic nonpolar protic polar aprotic polar protic 38 polar protic nonpolar protic polar aprotic polar aprotic 39 polar protic nonpolar protic polar aprotic nonpolar protic 40 polar protic nonpolar protic polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic 41 polar protic nonpolar protic nonpolar protic polar protic 42 polar protic nonpolar protic nonpolar protic polar aprotic 43 polar protic nonpolar protic nonpolar protic nonpolar protic 44 polar protic nonpolar protic nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic 45 polar protic nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic polar protic 46 polar protic nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic polar aprotic 47 polar protic nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic 48 polar protic nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic 49 polar protic nonpolar aprotic polar protic polar protic 50 polar protic nonpolar aprotic polar protic polar aprotic 51 polar protic nonpolar aprotic polar protic nonpolar protic 52 polar protic nonpolar aprotic polar protic nonpolar aprotic 53 polar protic nonpolar aprotic polar aprotic polar protic 54 polar protic nonpolar aprotic polar aprotic polar aprotic 55 polar protic nonpolar aprotic polar aprotic nonpolar protic 56 polar protic nonpolar aprotic polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic 57 polar protic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic polar protic 58 polar protic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic polar aprotic 59 polar protic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic nonpolar protic 60 polar protic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic 61 polar protic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic polar protic 62 polar protic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic polar aprotic 63 polar protic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic 64 polar protic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic 65 polar aprotic polar protic polar protic polar protic 66 polar aprotic polar protic polar protic polar aprotic 67 polar aprotic polar protic polar protic nonpolar protic 68 polar aprotic polar protic polar protic nonpolar aprotic 69 polar aprotic polar protic polar aprotic polar protic 70 polar aprotic polar protic polar aprotic polar aprotic 71 polar aprotic polar protic polar aprotic nonpolar protic 72 polar aprotic polar protic polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic 73 polar aprotic polar protic nonpolar protic polar protic 74 polar aprotic polar protic nonpolar protic polar aprotic 75 polar aprotic polar protic nonpolar protic nonpolar protic 76 polar aprotic polar protic nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic 77 polar aprotic polar protic nonpolar aprotic polar protic 78 polar aprotic polar protic nonpolar aprotic polar aprotic 79 polar aprotic polar protic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic 80 polar aprotic polar protic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic 81 polar aprotic polar aprotic polar protic polar protic 82 polar aprotic polar aprotic polar protic polar aprotic 83 polar aprotic polar aprotic polar protic nonpolar protic 84 polar aprotic polar aprotic polar protic nonpolar aprotic 85 polar aprotic polar aprotic polar aprotic polar protic 86 polar aprotic polar aprotic polar aprotic polar aprotic 87 polar aprotic polar aprotic polar aprotic nonpolar protic 88 polar aprotic polar aprotic polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic 89 polar aprotic polar aprotic nonpolar protic polar protic 90 polar aprotic polar aprotic nonpolar protic polar aprotic 91 polar aprotic polar aprotic nonpolar protic nonpolar protic 92 polar aprotic polar aprotic nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic 93 polar aprotic polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic polar protic 94 polar aprotic polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic polar aprotic 95 polar aprotic polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic 96 polar aprotic polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic 97 polar aprotic nonpolar protic polar protic polar protic 98 polar aprotic nonpolar protic polar protic polar aprotic 99 polar aprotic nonpolar protic polar protic nonpolar protic 100 polar aprotic nonpolar protic polar protic nonpolar aprotic 101 polar aprotic nonpolar protic polar aprotic polar protic 102 polar aprotic nonpolar protic polar aprotic polar aprotic 103 polar aprotic nonpolar protic polar aprotic nonpolar protic 104 polar aprotic nonpolar protic polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic 105 polar aprotic nonpolar protic nonpolar protic polar protic 106 polar aprotic nonpolar protic nonpolar protic polar aprotic 107 polar aprotic nonpolar protic nonpolar protic nonpolar protic 108 polar aprotic nonpolar protic nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic 109 polar aprotic nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic polar protic 110 polar aprotic nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic polar aprotic 111 polar aprotic nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic 112 polar aprotic nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic 113 polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic polar protic polar protic 114 polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic polar protic polar aprotic 115 polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic polar protic nonpolar protic 116 polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic polar protic nonpolar aprotic 117 polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic polar aprotic polar protic 118 polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic polar aprotic polar aprotic 119 polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic polar aprotic nonpolar protic 120 polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic 121 polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic polar protic 122 polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic polar aprotic 123 polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic nonpolar protic 124 polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic 125 polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic polar protic 126 polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic polar aprotic 127 polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic 128 polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic 129 nonpolar protic polar protic polar protic polar protic 130 nonpolar protic polar protic polar protic polar aprotic 131 nonpolar protic polar protic polar protic nonpolar protic 132 nonpolar protic polar protic polar protic nonpolar aprotic 133 nonpolar protic polar protic polar aprotic polar protic 134 nonpolar protic polar protic polar aprotic polar aprotic 135 nonpolar protic polar protic polar aprotic nonpolar protic 136 nonpolar protic polar protic polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic 137 nonpolar protic polar protic nonpolar protic polar protic 138 nonpolar protic polar protic nonpolar protic polar aprotic 139 nonpolar protic polar protic nonpolar protic nonpolar protic 140 nonpolar protic polar protic nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic 141 nonpolar protic polar protic nonpolar aprotic polar protic 142 nonpolar protic polar protic nonpolar aprotic polar aprotic 143 nonpolar protic polar protic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic 144 nonpolar protic polar protic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic 145 nonpolar protic polar aprotic polar protic polar protic 146 nonpolar protic polar aprotic polar protic polar aprotic 147 nonpolar protic polar aprotic polar protic nonpolar protic 148 nonpolar protic polar aprotic polar protic nonpolar aprotic 149 nonpolar protic polar aprotic polar aprotic polar protic 150 nonpolar protic polar aprotic polar aprotic polar aprotic 151 nonpolar protic polar aprotic polar aprotic nonpolar protic 152 nonpolar protic polar aprotic polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic 153 nonpolar protic polar aprotic nonpolar protic polar protic 154 nonpolar protic polar aprotic nonpolar protic polar aprotic 155 nonpolar protic polar aprotic nonpolar protic nonpolar protic 156 nonpolar protic polar aprotic nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic 157 nonpolar protic polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic polar protic 158 nonpolar protic polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic polar aprotic 159 nonpolar protic polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic 160 nonpolar protic polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic 161 nonpolar protic nonpolar protic polar protic polar protic 162 nonpolar protic nonpolar protic polar protic polar aprotic 163 nonpolar protic nonpolar protic polar protic nonpolar protic 164 nonpolar protic nonpolar protic polar protic nonpolar aprotic 165 nonpolar protic nonpolar protic polar aprotic polar protic 166 nonpolar protic nonpolar protic polar aprotic polar aprotic 167 nonpolar protic nonpolar protic polar aprotic nonpolar protic 168 nonpolar protic nonpolar protic polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic 169 nonpolar protic nonpolar protic nonpolar protic polar protic 170 nonpolar protic nonpolar protic nonpolar protic polar aprotic 171 nonpolar protic nonpolar protic nonpolar protic nonpolar protic 172 nonpolar protic nonpolar protic nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic 173 nonpolar protic nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic polar protic 174 nonpolar protic nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic polar aprotic 175 nonpolar protic nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic 176 nonpolar protic nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic 177 nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic polar protic polar protic 178 nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic polar protic polar aprotic 179 nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic polar protic nonpolar protic 180 nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic polar protic nonpolar aprotic 181 nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic polar aprotic polar protic 182 nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic polar aprotic polar aprotic 183 nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic polar aprotic nonpolar protic 184 nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic 185 nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic polar protic 186 nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic polar aprotic 187 nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic nonpolar protic 188 nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic 189 nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic polar protic 190 nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic polar aprotic 191 nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic 192 nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic 193 nonpolar aprotic polar protic polar protic polar protic 194 nonpolar aprotic polar protic polar protic polar aprotic 195 nonpolar aprotic polar protic polar protic nonpolar protic 196 nonpolar aprotic polar protic polar protic nonpolar aprotic 197 nonpolar aprotic polar protic polar aprotic polar protic 198 nonpolar aprotic polar protic polar aprotic polar aprotic 199 nonpolar aprotic polar protic polar aprotic nonpolar protic 200 nonpolar aprotic polar protic polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic 201 nonpolar aprotic polar protic nonpolar protic polar protic 202 nonpolar aprotic polar protic nonpolar protic polar aprotic 203 nonpolar aprotic polar protic nonpolar protic nonpolar protic 204 nonpolar aprotic polar protic nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic 205 nonpolar aprotic polar protic nonpolar aprotic polar protic 206 nonpolar aprotic polar protic nonpolar aprotic polar aprotic 207 nonpolar aprotic polar protic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic 208 nonpolar aprotic polar protic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic 209 nonpolar aprotic polar aprotic polar protic polar protic 210 nonpolar aprotic polar aprotic polar protic polar aprotic 211 nonpolar aprotic polar aprotic polar protic nonpolar protic 212 nonpolar aprotic polar aprotic polar protic nonpolar aprotic 213 nonpolar aprotic polar aprotic polar aprotic polar protic 214 nonpolar aprotic polar aprotic polar aprotic polar protic 215 nonpolar aprotic polar aprotic polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic 216 nonpolar aprotic polar protic polar protic nonpolar aprotic 217 nonpolar aprotic polar protic nonpolar protic polar protic 218 nonpolar aprotic polar protic nonpolar protic polar aprotic 219 nonpolar aprotic polar protic nonpolar protic nonpolar protic 220 nonpolar aprotic polar protic nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic 221 nonpolar aprotic polar protic nonpolar aprotic polar protic 222 nonpolar aprotic polar protic nonpolar aprotic polar aprotic 223 nonpolar aprotic polar protic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic 224 nonpolar aprotic polar protic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic 225 nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic polar protic polar protic 226 nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic polar protic polar aprotic 227 nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic polar protic nonpolar protic 228 nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic polar protic nonpolar aprotic 229 nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic polar protic polar protic 230 nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic polar protic polar aprotic 231 nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic polar protic nonpolar protic 232 nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic polar protic nonpolar aprotic 233 nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic nonpolar protic polar protic 234 nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic nonpolar protic polar aprotic 235 nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic nonpolar protic nonpolar protic 236 nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic 237 nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic polar protic 238 nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic polar aprotic 239 nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic 240 nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic 241 nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic polar protic polar protic 242 nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic polar protic polar aprotic 243 nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic polar protic nonpolar protic 244 nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic polar protic nonpolar aprotic 245 nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic polar aprotic polar protic 246 nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic polar aprotic polar aprotic 247 nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic polar aprotic nonpolar protic 248 nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic polar aprotic nonpolar aprotic 249 nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic polar protic 250 nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic polar aprotic 251 nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic nonpolar protic 252 nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic nonpolar aprotic 253 nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic polar protic 254 nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic polar aprotic 255 nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar protic 256 nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic nonpolar aprotic

Pressure

When the SFE is carried out two times, each FSFE can independently be carried out at a pressure of about: (i) 750-4,000 psi, (ii) 4,000-7,000 psi, or (iii) 7,000-25,000 psi.

In specific embodiments, the SFE is carried out two times, wherein the first and second FSFEs are carried out at pressures illustrated in any one of 1-9 below. When the first and second FSFEs are carried out at the same pressure range, those FSFEs will typically be carried out at a different temperature and/or solvent system having a different combination of polarity and proticity (e.g., carried out at the same pressure range, the first FSFE includes a polar aprotic solvent system and the second FSFE includes a nonpolar protic solvent system).

No. First FSFE pressure Second FSFE pressure 1   750-4,000 psi   750-4,000 psi 2   750-4,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi 3   750-4,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi 4  4,000-7,000 psi   750-4,000 psi 5  4,000-7,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi 6  4,000-7,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi 7 7,000-25,000 psi   750-4,000 psi 8 7,000-25,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi 9 7,000-25,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi

When the SFE is carried out three times, each FSFE can independently be carried out at a pressure of about: (i) 750-4,000 psi, (ii) 4,000-7,000 psi, or (iii) 7,000-25,000 psi.

In specific embodiments, the SFE is carried out three times, wherein the first, second and third FSFEs are carried out at pressures illustrated in any one of 1-27 below. When any one or more of the first, second and third FSFEs are carried out at the same pressure range, those FSFEs will typically be carried out at a different temperature and/or solvent system having a different combination of polarity and proticity (e.g., carried out at the same pressure range, the second FSFE includes a polar aprotic solvent system and the third FSFE includes a nonpolar protic solvent system).

First FSFE Second FSFE Third FSFE No. pressure pressure pressure 1   750-4,000 psi   750-4,000 psi   750-4,000 psi 2   750-4,000 psi   750-4,000 psi 4,000-7,000 psi 3   750-4,000 psi   750-4,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi  4   750-4,000 psi 4,000-7,000 psi   750-4,000 psi 5   750-4,000 psi 4,000-7,000 psi 4,000-7,000 psi 6   750-4,000 psi 4,000-7,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi  7   750-4,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi    750-4,000 psi 8   750-4,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi 9   750-4,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi  7,000-25,000 psi  10 4,000-7,000 psi   750-4,000 psi   750-4,000 psi 11 4,000-7,000 psi   750-4,000 psi 4,000-7,000 psi 12 4,000-7,000 psi   750-4,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi  13 4,000-7,000 psi 4,000-7,000 psi   750-4,000 psi 14 4,000-7,000 psi 4,000-7,000 psi 4,000-7,000 psi 15 4,000-7,000 psi 4,000-7,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi  16 4,000-7,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi    750-4,000 psi 17 4,000-7,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi 18 4,000-7,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi  7,000-25,000 psi  19 7,000-25,000 psi    750-4,000 psi   750-4,000 psi 20 7,000-25,000 psi    750-4,000 psi 4,000-7,000 psi 21 7,000-25,000 psi    750-4,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi  22 7,000-25,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi   750-4,000 psi 23 7,000-25,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi 4,000-7,000 psi 24 7,000-25,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi  25 7,000-25,000 psi  7,000-25,000 psi    750-4,000 psi 26 7,000-25,000 psi  7,000-25,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi 27 7,000-25,000 psi  7,000-25,000 psi  7,000-25,000 psi 

When the SFE is carried out four times, each FSFE can independently be carried out at a pressure of about: (i) 750-4,000 psi, (ii) 4,000-7,000 psi, or (iii) 7,000-25,000 psi.

In specific embodiments, the SFE is carried out four times, wherein the first, second, third and fourth FSFEs are carried out at pressures illustrated in any one of 1-81 below. When any one or more of the first, second, third and fourth FSFEs are carried out at the same pressure range, those FSFEs will typically be carried out at a different temperature and/or solvent system having a different combination of polarity and proticity (e.g., carried out at the same pressure range, the third FSFE includes a polar aprotic solvent system and the fourth FSFE includes a nonpolar protic solvent system).

First FSFE Second FSFE Third FSFE Fourth FSFE No. pressure pressure pressure pressure 1   750-   750-4,000 psi   750-4,000 psi   750-4,000 psi  4,000 psi 2   750-   750-4,000 psi   750-4,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi  4,000 psi 3   750-   750-4,000 psi   750-4,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi  4,000 psi 4   750-   750-4,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi   750-4,000 psi  4,000 psi 5   750-   750-4,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi  4,000 psi 6   750-   750-4,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi  4,000 psi 7   750-   750-4,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi   750-4,000 psi  4,000 psi 8   750-   750-4,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi  4,000 psi 9   750-   750-4,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi  4,000 psi 10   750-  4,000-7,000 psi   750-4,000 psi   750-4,000 psi  4,000 psi 11   750-  4,000-7,000 psi   750-4,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi  4,000 psi 12   750-  4,000-7,000 psi   750-4,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi  4,000 psi 13   750-  4,000-7,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi   750-4,000 psi  4,000 psi 14   750-  4,000-7,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi  4,000 psi 15   750-  4,000-7,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi  4,000 psi 16   750-  4,000-7,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi   750-4,000 psi  4,000 psi 17   750-  4,000-7,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi  4,000 psi 18   750-  4,000-7,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi  4,000 psi 19   750- 7,000-25,000 psi   750-4,000 psi   750-4,000 psi  4,000 psi 20   750- 7,000-25,000 psi   750-4,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi  4,000 psi 21   750- 7,000-25,000 psi   750-4,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi  4,000 psi 22   750- 7,000-25,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi   750-4,000 psi  4,000 psi 23   750- 7,000-25,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi  4,000 psi 24   750- 7,000-25,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi  4,000 psi 25   750- 7,000-25,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi   750-4,000 psi  4,000 psi 26   750- 7,000-25,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi  4,000 psi 27   750- 7,000-25,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi  4,000 psi 28 4,000-   750-4,000 psi   750-4,000 psi   750-4,000 psi  7,000 psi 29 4,000-   750-4,000 psi   750-4,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi  7,000 psi 30 4,000-   750-4,000 psi   750-4,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi  7,000 psi 31 4,000-   750-4,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi   750-4,000 psi  7,000 psi 32 4,000-   750-4,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi  7,000 psi 33 4,000-   750-4,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi  7,000 psi 34 4,000-   750-4,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi   750-4,000 psi  7,000 psi 35 4,000-   750-4,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi  7,000 psi 36 4,000-   750-4,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi  7,000 psi 37 4,000-  4,000-7,000 psi   750-4,000 psi   750-4,000 psi  7,000 psi 38 4,000-  4,000-7,000 psi   750-4,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi  7,000 psi 39 4,000-  4,000-7,000 psi   750-4,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi  7,000 psi 40 4,000-  4,000-7,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi   750-4,000 psi  7,000 psi 41 4,000-  4,000-7,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi  7,000 psi 42 4,000-  4,000-7,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi  7,000 psi 43 4,000-  4,000-7,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi   750-4,000 psi  7,000 psi 44 4,000-  4,000-7,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi  7,000 psi 45 4,000-  4,000-7,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi  7,000 psi 46 4,000- 7,000-25,000 psi   750-4,000 psi   750-4,000 psi  7,000 psi 47 4,000- 7,000-25,000 psi   750-4,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi  7,000 psi 48 4,000- 7,000-25,000 psi   750-4,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi  7,000 psi 49 4,000- 7,000-25,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi   750-4,000 psi  7,000 psi 50 4,000- 7,000-25,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi  7,000 psi 51 4,000- 7,000-25,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi  7,000 psi 52 4,000- 7,000-25,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi   750-4,000 psi  7,000 psi 53 4,000- 7,000-25,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi  7,000 psi 54 4,000- 7,000-25,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi  7,000 psi 55 7,000-   750-4,000 psi   750-4,000 psi   750-4,000 psi 25,000 psi 56 7,000-   750-4,000 psi   750-4,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi 25,000 psi 57 7,000-   750-4,000 psi   750-4,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi 25,000 psi 58 7,000-   750-4,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi   750-4,000 psi 25,000 psi 59 7,000-   750-4,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi 25,000 psi 60 7,000-   750-4,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi 25,000 psi 61 7,000-   750-4,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi   750-4,000 psi 25,000 psi 62 7,000-   750-4,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi 25,000 psi 63 7,000-   750-4,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi 25,000 psi 64 7,000-  4,000-7,000 psi   750-4,000 psi   750-4,000 psi 25,000 psi 65 7,000-  4,000-7,000 psi   750-4,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi 25,000 psi 66 7,000-  4,000-7,000 psi   750-4,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi 25,000 psi 67 7,000-  4,000-7,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi   750-4,000 psi 25,000 psi 68 7,000-  4,000-7,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi 25,000 psi 69 7,000-  4,000-7,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi 25,000 psi 70 7,000-  4,000-7,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi   750-4,000 psi 25,000 psi 71 7,000-  4,000-7,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi 25,000 psi 72 7,000-  4,000-7,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi 25,000 psi 73 7,000- 7,000-25,000 psi   750-4,000 psi   750-4,000 psi 25,000 psi 74 7,000- 7,000-25,000 psi   750-4,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi 25,000 psi 75 7,000- 7,000-25,000 psi   750-4,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi 25,000 psi 76 7,000- 7,000-25,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi   750-4,000 psi 25,000 psi 77 7,000- 7,000-25,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi 25,000 psi 78 7,000- 7,000-25,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi 25,000 psi 79 7,000- 7,000-25,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi   750-4,000 psi 25,000 psi 80 7,000- 7,000-25,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi  4,000-7,000 psi 25,000 psi 81 7,000- 7,000-25,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi 7,000-25,000 psi 25,000 psi

Temperature

When the SFE is carried out two times, each FSFE can independently be carried out at a temperature of about: (i) −15-70° C., (ii) 70-100° C., or (iii) 100-200° C.

In specific embodiments, the SFE is carried out two times, wherein the first and second FSFEs are carried out at temperatures illustrated in any one of 1-9 below. When the first and second FSFEs are carried out at the same temperature range, those FSFEs will typically be carried out at a different pressure and/or solvent system having a different combination of polarity and proticity (e.g., carried out at the same pressure range, the first FSFE includes a polar aprotic solvent system and the second FSFE includes a nonpolar protic solvent system).

No. First FSFE temperature Second FSFE temperature 1  −15-70° C.    −15-70° C.   2  −15-70° C.    70-100° C. 3  −15-70° C.   100-200° C. 4  70-100° C.  −15-70° C.   5  70-100° C.  70-100° C. 6  70-100° C. 100-200° C. 7 100-200° C.  −15-70° C.   8 100-200° C.  70-100° C. 9 100-200° C. 100-200° C.

When the SFE is carried out three times, each FSFE can independently be carried out at a temperature of about: (i) −15-70° C., (ii) 70-100° C., or (iii) 100-200° C.

In specific embodiments, the SFE is carried out three times, wherein the first, second and third FSFEs are carried out at temperatures illustrated in any one of 1-27 below. When the first, second and third FSFEs are carried out at the same temperature range, those FSFEs will typically be carried out at a different pressure and/or solvent system having a different combination of polarity and proticity (e.g., carried out at the same pressure range, the second FSFE includes a polar aprotic solvent system and the third FSFE includes a nonpolar protic solvent system).

First FSFE Second FSFE Third FSFE No. temperature temperature temperature 1  −15-70° C.    −15-70° C.    −15-70° C.   2  −15-70° C.    −15-70° C.    70-100° C. 3  −15-70° C.    −15-70° C.   100-200° C. 4  −15-70° C.    70-100° C.  −15-70° C.   5  −15-70° C.    70-100° C.  70-100° C. 6  −15-70° C.    70-100° C. 100-200° C. 7  −15-70° C.   100-200° C.  −15-70° C.   8  −15-70° C.   100-200° C.  70-100° C. 9  −15-70° C.   100-200° C. 100-200° C. 10  70-100° C.  −15-70° C.    −15-70° C.   11  70-100° C.  −15-70° C.    70-100° C. 12  70-100° C.  −15-70° C.   100-200° C. 13  70-100° C.  70-100° C.  −15-70° C.   14  70-100° C.  70-100° C.  70-100° C. 15  70-100° C.  70-100° C. 100-200° C. 16  70-100° C. 100-200° C.  −15-70° C.   17  70-100° C. 100-200° C.  70-100° C. 18  70-100° C. 100-200° C. 100-200° C. 19 100-200° C.  −15-70° C.    −15-70° C.   20 100-200° C.  −15-70° C.    70-100° C. 21 100-200° C.  −15-70° C.   100-200° C. 22 100-200° C.  70-100° C.  −15-70° C.   23 100-200° C.  70-100° C.  70-100° C. 24 100-200° C.  70-100° C. 100-200° C. 25 100-200° C. 100-200° C.  −15-70° C.   26 100-200° C. 100-200° C.  70-100° C. 27 100-200° C. 100-200° C. 100-200° C.

When the SFE is carried out four times, each FSFE can independently be carried out at a temperature of about: (i) −15-70° C., (ii) 70-100° C., or (iii) 100-200° C.

In specific embodiments, the SFE is carried out four times, wherein the first, second, third and fourth FSFEs are carried out at temperatures illustrated in any one of 1-81 below. When the first, second, third and fourth FSFEs are carried out at the same temperature range, those FSFEs will typically be carried out at a different pressure and/or solvent system having a different combination of polarity and proticity (e.g., carried out at the same pressure range, the third FSFE includes a polar aprotic solvent system and the fourth FSFE includes a nonpolar protic solvent system).

First FSFE Second FSFE Third FSFE Fourth FSFE No. temperature temperature temperature temperature 1  −15-70° C.    −15-70° C.    −15-70° C.    −15-70° C.   2  −15-70° C.    −15-70° C.    −15-70° C.    70-100° C. 3  −15-70° C.    −15-70° C.    −15-70° C.   100-200° C. 4  −15-70° C.    −15-70° C.    70-100° C.  −15-70° C.   5  −15-70° C.    −15-70° C.    70-100° C.  70-100° C. 6  −15-70° C.    −15-70° C.    70-100° C. 100-200° C. 7  −15-70° C.    −15-70° C.   100-200° C.  −15-70° C.   8  −15-70° C.    −15-70° C.   100-200° C.  70-100° C. 9  −15-70° C.    −15-70° C.   100-200° C. 100-200° C. 10  −15-70° C.    70-100° C.  −15-70° C.    −15-70° C.   11  −15-70° C.    70-100° C.  −15-70° C.    70-100° C. 12  −15-70° C.    70-100° C.  −15-70° C.   100-200° C. 13  −15-70° C.    70-100° C.  70-100° C.  −15-70° C.   14  −15-70° C.    70-100° C.  70-100° C.  70-100° C. 15  −15-70° C.    70-100° C.  70-100° C. 100-200° C. 16  −15-70° C.    70-100° C. 100-200° C.  −15-70° C.   17  −15-70° C.    70-100° C. 100-200° C.  70-100° C. 18  −15-70° C.    70-100° C. 100-200° C. 100-200° C. 19  −15-70° C.   100-200° C.  −15-70° C.    −15-70° C.   20  −15-70° C.   100-200° C.  −15-70° C.    70-100° C. 21  −15-70° C.   100-200° C.  −15-70° C.   100-200° C. 22  −15-70° C.   100-200° C.  70-100° C.  −15-70° C.   23  −15-70° C.   100-200° C.  70-100° C.  70-100° C. 24  −15-70° C.   100-200° C.  70-100° C. 100-200° C. 25  −15-70° C.   100-200° C. 100-200° C.  −15-70° C.   26  −15-70° C.   100-200° C. 100-200° C.  70-100° C. 27  −15-70° C.   100-200° C. 100-200° C. 100-200° C. 28  70-100° C.  −15-70° C.    −15-70° C.    −15-70° C.   29  70-100° C.  −15-70° C.    −15-70° C.    70-100° C. 30  70-100° C.  −15-70° C.    −15-70° C.   100-200° C. 31  70-100° C.  −15-70° C.    70-100° C.  −15-70° C.   32  70-100° C.  −15-70° C.    70-100° C.  70-100° C. 33  70-100° C.  −15-70° C.    70-100° C. 100-200° C. 34  70-100° C.  −15-70° C.   100-200° C.  −15-70° C.   35  70-100° C.  −15-70° C.   100-200° C.  70-100° C. 36  70-100° C.  −15-70° C.   100-200° C. 100-200° C. 37  70-100° C.  70-100° C.  −15-70° C.    −15-70° C.   38  70-100° C.  70-100° C.  −15-70° C.    70-100° C. 39  70-100° C.  70-100° C.  −15-70° C.   100-200° C. 40  70-100° C.  70-100° C.  70-100° C.  −15-70° C.   41  70-100° C.  70-100° C.  70-100° C.  70-100° C. 42  70-100° C.  70-100° C.  70-100° C. 100-200° C. 43  70-100° C.  70-100° C. 100-200° C.  −15-70° C.   44  70-100° C.  70-100° C. 100-200° C.  70-100° C. 45  70-100° C.  70-100° C. 100-200° C. 100-200° C. 46  70-100° C. 100-200° C.  −15-70° C.    −15-70° C.   47  70-100° C. 100-200° C.  −15-70° C.    70-100° C. 48  70-100° C. 100-200° C.  −15-70° C.   100-200° C. 49  70-100° C. 100-200° C.  70-100° C.  −15-70° C.   50  70-100° C. 100-200° C.  70-100° C.  70-100° C. 51  70-100° C. 100-200° C.  70-100° C. 100-200° C. 52  70-100° C. 100-200° C. 100-200° C.  −15-70° C.   53  70-100° C. 100-200° C. 100-200° C.  70-100° C. 54  70-100° C. 100-200° C. 100-200° C. 100-200° C. 55 100-200° C.  −15-70° C.    −15-70° C.    −15-70° C.   56 100-200° C.  −15-70° C.    −15-70° C.    70-100° C. 57 100-200° C.  −15-70° C.    −15-70° C.   100-200° C. 58 100-200° C.  −15-70° C.    70-100° C.  −15-70° C.   59 100-200° C.  −15-70° C.    70-100° C.  70-100° C. 60 100-200° C.  −15-70° C.    70-100° C. 100-200° C. 61 100-200° C.  −15-70° C.   100-200° C.  −15-70° C.   62 100-200° C.  −15-70° C.   100-200° C.  70-100° C. 63 100-200° C.  −15-70° C.   100-200° C. 100-200° C. 64 100-200° C.  70-100° C.  −15-70° C.    −15-70° C.   65 100-200° C.  70-100° C.  −15-70° C.    70-100° C. 66 100-200° C.  70-100° C.  −15-70° C.   100-200° C. 67 100-200° C.  70-100° C.  70-100° C.  −15-70° C.   68 100-200° C.  70-100° C.  70-100° C.  70-100° C. 69 100-200° C.  70-100° C.  70-100° C. 100-200° C. 70 100-200° C.  70-100° C. 100-200° C.  −15-70° C.   71 100-200° C.  70-100° C. 100-200° C.  70-100° C. 72 100-200° C.  70-100° C. 100-200° C. 100-200° C. 73 100-200° C. 100-200° C.  −15-70° C.    −15-70° C.   74 100-200° C. 100-200° C.  −15-70° C.    70-100° C. 75 100-200° C. 100-200° C.  −15-70° C.   100-200° C. 76 100-200° C. 100-200° C.  70-100° C.  −15-70° C.   77 100-200° C. 100-200° C.  70-100° C.  70-100° C. 78 100-200° C. 100-200° C.  70-100° C. 100-200° C. 79 100-200° C. 100-200° C. 100-200° C.  −15-70° C.   80 100-200° C. 100-200° C. 100-200° C.  70-100° C. 81 100-200° C. 100-200° C. 100-200° C. 100-200° C.

Prophetic Examples

The prophetic examples 1-8 below can be carried out employing techniques, materials, and equipment known to those reasonably skilled in the art.

General Description:

1 kg of freshly harvested Cannabis sativa is placed in a SFE extraction vessel (25 L). 10 L of solvent system is introduced into the SFE extraction vessel. The solvent system is initially cooled to maintain liquid conditions, then heated after pressurization. The desired temperature and pressure is achieved. The SFE extraction vessel is shaken to facilitate extraction. After the requisite period of time, the temperature and pressure are lowered to ambient conditions. The process is optionally repeated, one or more times. The spent plant material is separated from the extract, wherein the extract is optionally further processed to provide a concentrate.

Number of SFE Solvent SFE SFE Cannabis extract SFEs/FSFEs System Pressure Temperature SFE Time (expected) Example 1: 1 Polar protic 3,500 psi 60° C. 60 min cannabinolic acid (CBNA); (CO₂ and Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ(9)-THCA); EtOH) Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabidiolic acid (Δ(9)- CBDA); Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ(8)-THCA); Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabidiolic acid (Δ(8)-CBDA); Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin (Δ(9)-THV); cannabigerolic acid (CBGA); cannabichromenic acid (CBCA); and cannabicyclolic acid (CBLA) Example 2: 1 Nonpolar 7,500 psi 90° C. 60 min Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol aprotic (CO₂ (Δ(9)-THC); and pentanes) cannabinol (CBN); Δ(9)-cannabidiol (Δ(9)-CBD); Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(8)-THC); Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabidiol (Δ(8)-CBD); cannabigerol (CBG); cannabichromene (CBC); cannabicyclol (CBL); β-caryophyllene epoxide; mentha-1,8(9)-dien-5-ol; pulegone; limonene oxide; α-terpinene; terpinen-4-ol; carvacrol; carvone; 1,8-cineole; p-cymene; fenchone; pulegone-1,2epoxide; β-myrcene; cannaflavin A; and cannaflavin B Example 3: 2 i. Polar protic i. 1,500 psi i. 80° C. i. 24 min i. cannabinolic acid (CBNA); (CO₂ and ii. 7,500 psi ii. 70° C. ii. 26 min Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ(9)-THCA); EtOH) Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabidiolic acid (Δ(9)- ii. Nonpolar CBDA); aprotic (CO₂ Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ(8)-THCA); and pentanes) Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabidiolic acid (Δ(8)-CBDA); Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin (Δ(9)-THV); cannabigerolic acid (CBGA); cannabichromenic acid (CBCA); and cannabicyclolic acid (CBLA) ii. Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC); cannabinol (CBN); Δ(9)-cannabidiol (Δ(9)-CBD); Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(8)-THC); Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabidiol (Δ(8)-CBD); cannabigerol (CBG); cannabichromene (CBC); cannabicyclol (CBL); β-caryophyllene epoxide; mentha-1,8(9)-dien-5-ol; pulegone; limonene oxide; α-terpinene; terpinen-4-ol; carvacrol; carvone; 1,8-cineole; p-cymene; fenchone; pulegone-1,2epoxide; β-myrcene; cannaflavin A; and cannaflavin B Example 4: 2 i. Nonpolar i. 1,500 psi i. 90° C. i. 38 min i. Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol aprotic (CO₂ ii. 4,500 psi ii. 70° C. ii. 34 min (Δ(9)-THC); and pentanes) cannabinol (CBN); ii. Polar protic Δ(9)-cannabidiol (Δ(9)-CBD); (CO₂ and Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinol EtOH) (Δ(8)-THC); Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabidiol (Δ(8)-CBD); cannabigerol (CBG); cannabichromene (CBC); cannabicyclol (CBL); β-caryophyllene epoxide; mentha-1,8(9)-dien-5-ol; pulegone; limonene oxide; α-terpinene; terpinen-4-ol; carvacrol; carvone; 1,8-cineole; p-cymene; fenchone; pulegone-1,2epoxide; β-myrcene; cannaflavin A; and cannaflavin B ii. cannabinolic acid (CBNA); Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ(9)-THCA); Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabidiolic acid (Δ(9)- CBDA); Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ(8)-THCA); Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabidiolic acid (Δ(8)-CBDA); Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin (Δ(9)-THV); cannabigerolic acid (CBGA); cannabichromenic acid (CBCA); and cannabicyclolic acid (CBLA) Example 5: 2 i. Polar protic i. 4,000 psi i. 80° C. i. 26 min i. cannabinolic acid (CBNA); (CO₂ and ii. 4,000 psi ii. 60° C. ii. 28 min Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ(9)-THCA); EtOH) Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabidiolic acid (Δ(9)- ii. Nonpolar CBDA); aprotic (CO₂ Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ(8)-THCA); and pentanes) Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabidiolic acid (Δ(8)-CBDA); Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin (Δ(9)-THV); cannabigerolic acid (CBGA); cannabichromenic acid (CBCA); and cannabicyclolic acid (CBLA) ii. Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC); cannabinol (CBN); Δ(9)-cannabidiol (Δ(9)-CBD); Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(8)-THC); Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabidiol (Δ(8)-CBD); cannabigerol (CBG); cannabichromene (CBC); cannabicyclol (CBL); β-caryophyllene epoxide; mentha-1,8(9)-dien-5-ol; pulegone; limonene oxide; α-terpinene; terpinen-4-ol; carvacrol; carvone; 1,8-cineole; p-cymene; fenchone; pulegone-1,2epoxide; β-myrcene; cannaflavin A; and cannaflavin B Example 6: 2 i. Nonpolar i. 5,000 psi i. 110° C. i. 37 min i. Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol aprotic (CO₂ ii. 5,000 psi ii. 80° C. ii. 39 min (Δ(9)-THC); and pentanes) cannabinol (CBN); ii. Polar protic Δ(9)-cannabidiol (Δ(9)-CBD); (CO₂ and Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinol EtOH) (Δ(8)-THC); Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabidiol (Δ(8)-CBD); cannabigerol (CBG); cannabichromene (CBC); cannabicyclol (CBL); β-caryophyllene epoxide; mentha-1,8(9)-dien-5-ol; pulegone; limonene oxide; α-terpinene; terpinen-4-ol; carvacrol; carvone; 1,8-cineole; p-cymene; fenchone; pulegone-1,2epoxide; β-myrcene; cannaflavin A; and cannaflavin B ii. cannabinolic acid (CBNA); Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ(9)-THCA); Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabidiolic acid (Δ(9)- CBDA); Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ(8)-THCA); Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabidiolic acid (Δ(8)-CBDA); Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin (Δ(9)-THV); cannabigerolic acid (CBGA); cannabichromenic acid (CBCA); and cannabicyclolic acid (CBLA) Example 7: 2 i. Polar protic i. 1,500 psi i. 110° C. i. 34 min i. cannabinolic acid (CBNA); (CO₂ and ii. 7,500 psi ii. 110° C. ii. 37 min Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ(9)-THCA); EtOH) Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabidiolic acid (Δ(9)- ii. Nonpolar CBDA); aprotic (CO₂ Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ(8)-THCA); and pentanes) Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabidiolic acid (Δ(8)-CBDA); Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin (Δ(9)-THV); cannabigerolic acid (CBGA); cannabichromenic acid (CBCA); and cannabicyclolic acid (CBLA) ii. Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC); cannabinol (CBN); Δ(9)-cannabidiol (Δ(9)-CBD); Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(8)-THC); Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabidiol (Δ(8)-CBD); cannabigerol (CBG); cannabichromene (CBC); cannabicyclol (CBL); β-caryophyllene epoxide; mentha-1,8(9)-dien-5-ol; pulegone; limonene oxide; α-terpinene; terpinen-4-ol; carvacrol; carvone; 1,8-cineole; p-cymene; fenchone; pulegone-1,2epoxide; β-myrcene; cannaflavin A; and cannaflavin B Example 8: 2 i. Nonpolar i. 1,500 psi i. 120° C. i. 35 min i. Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol aprotic (CO₂ ii. 4,500 psi ii. 120° C. ii. 38 min (Δ(9)-THC); and pentanes) cannabinol (CBN); ii. Polar protic Δ(9)-cannabidiol (Δ(9)-CBD); (CO₂ and Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinol EtOH) (Δ(8)-THC); Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabidiol (Δ(8)-CBD); cannabigerol (CBG); cannabichromene (CBC); cannabicyclol (CBL); β-caryophyllene epoxide; mentha-1,8(9)-dien-5-ol; pulegone; limonene oxide; α-terpinene; terpinen-4-ol; carvacrol; carvone; 1,8-cineole; p-cymene; fenchone; pulegone-1,2epoxide; β-myrcene; cannaflavin A; and cannaflavin B ii. cannabinolic acid (CBNA); Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ(9)-THCA); Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabidiolic acid (Δ(9)- CBDA); Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ(8)-THCA); Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabidiolic acid (Δ(8)-CBDA); Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin (Δ(9)-THV); cannabigerolic acid (CBGA); cannabichromenic acid (CBCA); and cannabicyclolic acid (CBLA)

Embodiments

Specific enumerated embodiments [1] to [146] provided below are for illustration purposes only, and do not otherwise limit the scope of the disclosed subject matter, as defined by the embodiments. These enumerated embodiments encompass all combinations, sub-combinations, and multiply referenced (e.g., multiply dependent) combinations described therein.

[1.] A process for obtaining an extract of Cannabis, the process including:

(a) contacting Cannabis with a supercritical fluid solvent system at a pressure between about 750 psi and 25,000 psi, and at a temperature between about −15° C. and 200° C., to provide an extract of Cannabis; and

(b) optionally removing the supercritical fluid solvent system from the extract of Cannabis to provide a concentrate of Cannabis.

[2.] A process for obtaining an extract of Cannabis, the process including:

(a) contacting Cannabis plant material with a supercritical fluid solvent system at a pressure between about 750 psi and 25,000 psi, and at a temperature between about −15° C. and 200° C., to provide an extract of Cannabis and an extracted Cannabis;

(b) removing the supercritical fluid solvent system from the extract of Cannabis to provide a concentrate of Cannabis;

(c) contacting the extracted Cannabis plant material with a second supercritical fluid solvent system at a pressure between about 750 psi and 25,000 psi, and at a temperature between about −15° C. and 200° C., to provide a second extract of Cannabis and a second extracted Cannabis plant material; and

(d) optionally removing the second supercritical fluid solvent system from the second extract of Cannabis to provide a second concentrate of Cannabis.

[3.] A process for obtaining an extract of Cannabis, the process including:

(a) contacting Cannabis with a supercritical fluid solvent system at a pressure between about 750 psi and 25,000 psi, and at a temperature between about −15° C. and 200° C., to provide an extract of Cannabis and an extracted Cannabis plant material;

(b) removing the supercritical fluid solvent system from the extract of Cannabis to provide a concentrate of Cannabis;

(c) contacting the extracted Cannabis plant material with a second supercritical fluid solvent system at a pressure between about 750 psi and 25,000 psi, and at a temperature between about −15° C. and 200° C., to provide a second extract of Cannabis and a second extracted Cannabis plant material;

(d) removing the second supercritical fluid solvent system from the second extract of Cannabis to provide a second concentrate of Cannabis;

(e) contacting the second extracted Cannabis plant material with a third supercritical fluid solvent system at a pressure between about 750 psi and 25,000 psi, and at a temperature between about −15° C. and 200° C., to provide a third extract of Cannabis and a third extracted Cannabis plant material; and

(f) optionally removing the third supercritical fluid solvent system from the third extract of Cannabis to provide a third concentrate of Cannabis.

[4.] A process for obtaining an extract of Cannabis, the process including: A process for obtaining an extract of Cannabis, the process including:

(a) contacting Cannabis with a supercritical fluid solvent system at a pressure between about 750 psi and 25,000 psi, and at a temperature between about −15° C. and 200° C., to provide an extract of Cannabis and an extracted Cannabis plant material;

(b) removing the supercritical fluid solvent system from the extract of Cannabis to provide a concentrate of Cannabis;

(c) contacting the extracted Cannabis plant material with a second supercritical fluid solvent system at a pressure between about 750 psi and 25,000 psi, and at a temperature between about −15° C. and 200° C., to provide a second extract of Cannabis and a second extracted Cannabis plant material;

(d) removing the second supercritical fluid solvent system from the second extract of Cannabis to provide a second concentrate of Cannabis;

(e) contacting the second extracted Cannabis plant material with a third supercritical fluid solvent system at a pressure between about 750 psi and 25,000 psi, and at a temperature between about −15° C. and 200° C., to provide a third extract of Cannabis and a third extracted Cannabis plant material;

(f) removing the third supercritical fluid solvent system from the third extract of Cannabis to provide a third concentrate of Cannabis;

(g) contacting the third extracted Cannabis plant material with a fourth supercritical fluid solvent system at a pressure between about 750 psi and 25,000 psi, and at a temperature between about −15° C. and 200° C., to provide a fourth extract of Cannabis and a fourth extracted Cannabis plant material; and

(h) optionally removing the fourth supercritical fluid solvent system from the fourth extract of Cannabis to provide a fourth concentrate of Cannabis.

[5.] A process for obtaining a concentrate of Cannabis, the process including:

(a) contacting Cannabis plant material with a supercritical fluid solvent system, at a pressure between about 750 psi and 25,000 psi, and at a temperature between about −15° C. and 200° C., to provide an extract of Cannabis; and

(b) removing the supercritical fluid solvent system from the extract;

wherein the (a) contacting of the Cannabis plant material with the supercritical fluid solvent system and the (b) removing the supercritical fluid solvent system, is carried out multiple times, such that the process is a fractional supercritical fluid extraction;

wherein each contacting of the Cannabis plant material with a supercritical fluid solvent system independently occurs at a pressure between about 750 psi and 25,000 psi, and independently occurs at a temperature between about −15° C. and 200° C.

[6.] The process of any one of embodiments [1]-[5], wherein the Cannabis plant material is fresh, having been harvested within the past 10 days. [7.] The process of any one of embodiments [1]-[6], wherein the supercritical fluid solvent system is removed from the extract of Cannabis, to provide the concentrate of Cannabis. [8.] The process of any one of embodiments [1]-[6], wherein the Cannabis plant material is dried, having a moisture content of less than about 10 wt. %. [9.] The process of any one of embodiments [1]-[6], wherein the Cannabis plant material is dried, having a moisture content of less than about 5 wt. %. [10.] The process of any one of embodiments [1]-[6], wherein the Cannabis plant material is dried, having a moisture content of less than about 1 wt. %. [11.] The process of any one of embodiments [1]-[10], wherein the Cannabis plant material is a physical portion of a Cannabis plant. [12.] The process of any one of embodiments [1]-[11], wherein the Cannabis plant material is a leaf, bud, trichome, seed, or any combination thereof, of a Cannabis plant. [13.] The process of any one of embodiments [1]-[12], wherein the Cannabis plant comprises at least one of Cannabis sativa L., Cannabis indica Lam., and Cannabis ruderalis Janisch. [14.] The process of any one of embodiments [1]-[13], wherein each pressure is independently between about 750 psi and 25,000 psi. [15.] The process of any one of embodiments [1]-[14], wherein any one or more pressures is independently between about 750 psi and 1,500 psi. [16.] The process of any one of embodiments [1]-[15], wherein one or more pressures is independently between about 1,500 psi and 4,000 psi. [17.] The process of any one of embodiments [1]-[16], wherein one or more pressures is independently between about 4,000 psi and 25,000 psi. [18.] The process of any one of embodiments [1]-[17], wherein each pressure is independently selected from (i) 750-4,000 psi, (ii) 4,000-7,000 psi, and (iii) 7,000-25,000 psi. [19.] The process of any one of embodiments [1]-[17], wherein each fractional supercritical fluid extraction is carried out at a different range of pressure, each selected from (i) 750-4,000 psi, (ii) 4,000-7,000 psi, and (iii) 7,000-25,000 psi. [20.] The process of any one of embodiments [1]-[19], wherein each temperature is independently between about −15° C. and 200° C. [21.] The process of any one of embodiments [1]-[20], wherein any one or more temperatures is independently between about 25° C. and 60° C. [22.] The process of any one of embodiments [1]-[21], wherein any one or more temperatures is independently between about 60° C. and 110° C. [23.] The process of any one of embodiments [1]-[22], wherein any one or more temperatures is independently between about 110° C. and 200° C. [24.] The process of any one of embodiments [1]-[23], wherein each temperature is independently selected from (i) −15-70° C., (ii) 70-100° C., and (iii) 100-200° C. [25.] The process of any one of embodiments [1]-[24], wherein each fractional supercritical fluid extraction is carried out at a different range of temperature, each selected from (i) −15-70° C., (ii) 70-100° C., and (iii) 100-200° C. [26.] The process of any one of embodiments [1]-[25], wherein each supercritical fluid solvent system is independently:

(i) a polar aprotic supercritical fluid solvent system,

(ii) a polar protic supercritical fluid solvent system,

(iii) a nonpolar aprotic supercritical fluid solvent system, or

(iv) a nonpolar protic supercritical fluid solvent system.

[27.] The process of embodiment [25], wherein the selection of each supercritical fluid solvent system is mutually exclusive of all other supercritical fluid solvent systems, regarding the designation of the combination of polarity and proticity. [28.] The process of embodiment [25], wherein the selection of each supercritical fluid solvent system is the same to all other supercritical fluid solvent systems, regarding the designation of the combination of polarity and proticity. [29.] The process of any one of embodiments [1]-[25], wherein each fractional supercritical fluid extraction is independently carried out employing a supercritical fluid solvent system which is: (i) polar aprotic, (ii) polar protic, (iii) nonpolar aprotic, or (iv) nonpolar protic. [30.] The process of any one of embodiments [1]-[25], wherein each fractional supercritical fluid extraction is carried out with a different supercritical fluid solvent system, each selected from: (i) polar aprotic, (ii) polar protic, (iii) nonpolar aprotic, and (iv) nonpolar protic. [31.] The process of any one of embodiments [1]-[25], wherein each supercritical fluid solvent system includes at least one of:

carbon dioxide (CO₂),

hydrogen (H₂),

neon (Ne),

nitrogen (N₂),

argon (Ar),

methane (CH₄),

ethane (CH₃CH₃),

propane (CH₃CH₂CH₃),

ammonia (NH₃),

water (H₂O),

xenon (Xe),

methanol,

ethanol,

1-propanol,

2-propanol,

1-hexanol,

2-methoxy ethanol,

tetrahydrofuran (THF),

1,4-dioxane,

acetonitrile,

methylene chloride,

dichloroethane,

chloroform,

ethyl acetate,

propylene carbonate,

N,N-dimethylaceamide,

dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO),

formic acid,

carbon disulfide,

acetone,

toluene,

hexanes,

pentanes,

trifluoromethane (Freon® 23),

nitrous oxide (N₂O),

sulfur hexafluroide (SF₆),

butane (n-C₄H₁₀),

isobutane (i-C₄H₁₀),

ethyl ether ((C₂H₅)₂O),

benzotrifluoride (C₆H₅CF₃),

(p-chlorophenyl)trifluoromethane (ClC₆H₄CF₃),

chlorofluorocarbon (CFC),

hydrofluorocarbon (HFA), and

HFA-134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane).

[32.] The process of any one of embodiments [1]-[25], wherein each supercritical fluid solvent system includes carbon dioxide (CO₂) and at least one of:

hydrogen (H₂),

neon (Ne),

nitrogen (N₂),

argon (Ar),

methane (CH₄),

ethane (CH₃CH₃),

propane (CH₃CH₂CH₃),

ammonia (NH₃),

water (H₂O),

xenon (Xe),

methanol,

ethanol,

1-propanol,

2-propanol,

1-hexanol,

2-methoxy ethanol,

tetrahydrofuran (THF),

1,4-dioxane,

acetonitrile,

methylene chloride,

dichloroethane,

chloroform,

ethyl acetate,

propylene carbonate,

N,N-dimethylaceamide,

dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO),

formic acid,

carbon disulfide,

acetone,

toluene,

hexanes,

pentanes,

trifluoromethane (Freon® 23),

nitrous oxide (N₂O),

sulfur hexafluroide (SF₆),

butane (n-C₄H₁₀),

isobutane (i-C₄H₁₀),

ethyl ether ((C₂H₅)₂O),

benzotrifluoride (C₆H₅CF₃),

(p-chlorophenyl)trifluoromethane (ClC₆H₄CF₃),

chlorofluorocarbon (CFC),

hydrofluorocarbon (HFA), and

HFA-134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane).

[33.] The process of any one of embodiments [1]-[32], wherein the extract of Cannabis comprises an extract of at least one of kief and hashish. [34.] The process of any one of embodiments [1]-[33], wherein any one or more extract of Cannabis comprises a concentrate comprising at least one of cannabinoids, terpenoids, and flavonoids. [35.] The process of any one of embodiments [1]-[34], wherein any one or more extract of Cannabis comprises at least one of:

cannabinol (CBN),

cannabinolic acid (CBNA),

Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC),

Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ(9)-THCA),

Δ(9)-cannabidiol (Δ(9)-CBD),

Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabidiolic acid (Δ(9)-CBDA),

Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(8)-THC),

Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ(8)-THCA),

Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabidiol (Δ(8)-CBD),

Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabidiolic acid (Δ(8)-CBDA),

Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin (Δ(9)-THV),

cannabigerol (CBG),

cannabigerolic acid (CBGA),

cannabichromene (CBC),

cannabichromenic acid (CBCA),

cannabicyclol (CBL),

cannabicyclolic acid (CBLA),

β-caryophyllene epoxide,

mentha-1,8(9)-dien-5-ol,

pulegone,

limonene,

limonene oxide,

α-terpinene,

terpinen-4-ol,

carvacrol,

carvone,

1,8-cineole,

p-cymene,

fenchone,

pulegone-1,2epoxide,

β-myrcene,

cannaflavin A, and

cannaflavin B.

[36.] The process of any one of embodiments [1]-[35], wherein any one or more extract or concentrate of Cannabis, relative to the Cannabis plant material, is at least partially purified from at least one of terpenes, alkaloids, hemp oil, and cannabinoid acids. [37.] The process of any one of embodiments [1]-[24], wherein any one or more extract or concentrate of Cannabis, relative to the Cannabis plant material, is at least partially purified from terpenes. [38.] The process of any one of embodiments [1]-[37], which is a fractional supercritical fluid extraction, such that the (a) contacting of Cannabis plant material with the supercritical fluid solvent system, and the (b) removing the supercritical fluid solvent system to provide a concentrate of Cannabis, is carried out multiple times. [39.] The process of any one of embodiments [1]-[37], which is a fractional supercritical fluid extraction, such that the (a) contacting Cannabis plant material with the supercritical fluid solvent system and the (b) removing the supercritical fluid solvent system to provide a concentrate of Cannabis, is carried out multiple times, each pressure independently between about 750 psi and 25,000 psi, each temperature independently between about −15° C. and 200° C., and each solvent system independently selected. [40.] The process of any one of embodiments [1]-[37], which is a fractional supercritical fluid extraction, such that after removing the supercritical fluid solvent system to provide a concentrate of Cannabis, the extracted Cannabis plant material is contacted with a subsequent supercritical fluid solvent system at a pressure between about 750 psi and 25,000 psi, and at a temperature between about −15° C. and 200° C., to provide a subsequent extract of Cannabis, and the subsequent supercritical fluid solvent system is removed from the subsequent extract to provide a subsequent concentrate of Cannabis. [41.] The process of any one of embodiments [1]-[40], further comprising combining any two or more of the multiple extracts or concentrates of Cannabis. [42.] The process of any one of embodiments [1]-[41], further comprising discarding any one or more of the multiple extracts or concentrates of Cannabis. [43.] The process of any one of embodiments [1]-[42], further comprising purifying any one or more extracts or concentrates of Cannabis, or combination thereof. [44.] The process of any one of embodiments [1]-[43], further comprising purifying any one or more extracts or concentrates of Cannabis, or combination thereof, employing at least one of chromatography, adsorption, crystallization, distillation, liquid-liquid extraction, filtration, fractional distillation, precipitation, recrystallization, and sublimation. [45.] An extract or concentrate of Cannabis obtained by the process of any one of embodiments [1]-[44]. [46.] A pharmaceutical dosage form that includes a Cannabis concentrate including at least one of cannabinol (CBN); cannabinolic acid (CBNA); Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC); Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ(9)-THCA); Δ(9)-cannabidiol (Δ(9)-CBD); Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabidiolic acid (Δ(9)-CBDA); Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(8)-THC); Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ(8)-THCA); Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabidiol (Δ(8)-CBD); Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabidiolic acid (Δ(8)-CBDA); Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin (Δ(9)-THV); cannabigerol (CBG); cannabigerolic acid (CBGA); cannabichromene (CBC); cannabichromenic acid (CBCA); cannabicyclol (CBL); cannabicyclolic acid (CBLA); β-caryophyllene epoxide; mentha-1,8(9)-dien-5-ol; pulegone; limonene; limonene oxide; α-terpinene; terpinen-4-ol; carvacrol; carvone; 1,8-cineole; p-cymene; fenchone; pulegone-1,2epoxide; β-myrcene; cannaflavin A; and cannaflavin B. [47.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of embodiment [46], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate is enriched in at least one of cannabinol (CBN); cannabinolic acid (CBNA); Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC); Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ(9)-THCA); Δ(9)-cannabidiol (Δ(9)-CBD); Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabidiolic acid (Δ(9)-CBDA); Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(8)-THC); Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ(8)-THCA); Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabidiol (Δ(8)-CBD); Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabidiolic acid (Δ(8)-CBDA); Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin (Δ(9)-THV); cannabigerol (CBG); cannabigerolic acid (CBGA); cannabichromene (CBC); cannabichromenic acid (CBCA); cannabicyclol (CBL); cannabicyclolic acid (CBLA); β-caryophyllene epoxide; mentha-1,8(9)-dien-5-ol; pulegone; limonene; limonene oxide; α-terpinene; terpinen-4-ol; carvacrol; carvone; 1,8-cineole; p-cymene; fenchone; pulegone-1,2epoxide; β-myrcene; cannaflavin A; and cannaflavin B. [48.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[47], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a higher relative concentration of cannabinol (CBN). [49.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[47], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a lower relative concentration of cannabinol (CBN). [50.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[49], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a higher relative concentration of cannabinolic acid (CBNA). [51.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[49], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a lower relative concentration of cannabinolic acid (CBNA). [52.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[51], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a higher relative concentration of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC). [53.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[51], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a lower relative concentration of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC). [54.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[53], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a higher relative concentration of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ(9)-THCA). [55.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[53], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a lower relative concentration of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ(9)-THCA). [56.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[55], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a higher relative concentration of Δ(9)-cannabidiol (Δ(9)-CBD). [57.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[55], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a lower relative concentration of Δ(9)-cannabidiol (Δ(9)-CBD). [58.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[57], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a higher relative concentration of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabidiolic acid (Δ(9)-CBDA). [59.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[57], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a lower relative concentration of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabidiolic acid (Δ(9)-CBDA). [60.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[59], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a higher relative concentration of Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(8)-THC). [61.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[59], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a lower relative concentration of Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(8)-THC). [62.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[61], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a higher relative concentration of Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ(8)-THCA). [63.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[61], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a lower relative concentration of Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ(8)-THCA). [64.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[63], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a higher relative concentration of Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabidiol (Δ(8)-CBD). [65.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[63], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a lower relative concentration of Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabidiol (Δ(8)-CBD). [66.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[65], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a higher relative concentration of Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabidiolic acid (Δ(8)-CBDA). [67.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[65], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a lower relative concentration of Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabidiolic acid (Δ(8)-CBDA). [68.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[67], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a higher relative concentration of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin (Δ(9)-THV). [69.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[67], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a lower relative concentration of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin (Δ(9)-THV). [70.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[69], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a higher relative concentration of cannabigerol (CBG). [71.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[69], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a lower relative concentration of cannabigerol (CBG). [72.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[71], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a higher relative concentration of cannabigerolic acid (CBGA). [73.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[71], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a lower relative concentration of cannabigerolic acid (CBGA). [74.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[73], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a higher relative concentration of cannabichromene (CBC). [75.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[73], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a lower relative concentration of cannabichromene (CBC). [76.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[75], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a higher relative concentration of cannabichromenic acid (CBCA). [77.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[75], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a lower relative concentration of cannabichromenic acid (CBCA). [78.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[77], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a higher relative concentration of cannabicyclol (CBL). [79.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[77], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a lower relative concentration of cannabicyclol (CBL). [80.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[79], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a higher relative concentration of cannabicyclolic acid (CBLA). [81.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[79], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a lower relative concentration of cannabicyclolic acid (CBLA). [82.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[81], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a higher relative concentration of β-caryophyllene epoxide. [83.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[81], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a lower relative concentration of β-caryophyllene epoxide. [84.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[83], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a higher relative concentration of mentha-1, 8(9)-dien-5-ol. [85.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[83], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a lower relative concentration of mentha-1, 8(9)-dien-5-ol. [86.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[85], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a higher relative concentration of pulegone. [87.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[85], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a lower relative concentration of pulegone. [88.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[87], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a higher relative concentration of limonene. [89.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[87], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a lower relative concentration of limonene. [90.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[89], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a higher relative concentration of limonene oxide. [91.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[89], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a lower relative concentration of limonene oxide. [92.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[91], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a higher relative concentration of α-terpinene. [93.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[91], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a lower relative concentration of α-terpinene. [94.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[93], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a higher relative concentration of terpinen-4-ol. [95.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[93], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a lower relative concentration of terpinen-4-ol. [96.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[95], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a higher relative concentration of carvacrol. [97.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[95], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a lower relative concentration of carvacrol. [98.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[97], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a higher relative concentration of carvone. [99.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[97], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a lower relative concentration of carvone. [100.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[99], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a higher relative concentration of 1,8-cineole. [101.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[99], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a lower relative concentration of 1,8-cineole. [102.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[101], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a higher relative concentration of p-cymene. [103.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[101], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a lower relative concentration of p-cymene. [104.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[103], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a higher relative concentration of fenchone. [105.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[103], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a lower relative concentration of fenchone. [106.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[105], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a higher relative concentration of pulegone-1,2epoxide. [107.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[105], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a lower relative concentration of pulegone-1,2epoxide. [108.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[107], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a higher relative concentration of β-myrcene. [109.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[107], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a lower relative concentration of β-myrcene. [110.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[109], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a higher relative concentration of cannaflavin A. [111.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[109], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a lower relative concentration of cannaflavin A. [112.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[111], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a higher relative concentration of cannaflavin B. [113.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[111], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a lower relative concentration of cannaflavin B. [114.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of embodiment [46], wherein compared to the Cannabis plant material, the Cannabis concentrate includes a higher relative concentration of each of cannabinol (CBN); cannabinolic acid (CBNA); Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC); Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ(9)-THCA); Δ(9)-cannabidiol (Δ(9)-CBD); Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabidiolic acid (Δ(9)-CBDA); Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(8)-THC); Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ(8)-THCA); Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabidiol (Δ(8)-CBD); Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabidiolic acid (Δ(8)-CBDA); Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin (Δ(9)-THV); cannabigerol (CBG); cannabigerolic acid (CBGA); cannabichromene (CBC); cannabichromenic acid (CBCA); cannabicyclol (CBL); cannabicyclolic acid (CBLA); β-caryophyllene epoxide; mentha-1,8(9)-dien-5-ol; pulegone; limonene; limonene oxide; α-terpinene; terpinen-4-ol; carvacrol; carvone; 1,8-cineole; p-cymene; fenchone; pulegone-1,2epoxide; β-myrcene; cannaflavin A; and cannaflavin B. [115.] A pharmaceutical dosage form comprising a supercritical fluid extract or concentrate of Cannabis. [116.] A pharmaceutical dosage form comprising a fractional supercritical fluid extract or concentrate of Cannabis. [117.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[116], wherein the Cannabis concentrate is obtained by the process of any one of embodiments [1]-[44]. [118.] A pharmaceutical dosage form comprising the extract or concentrate of embodiment [45]. [119.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[118], which is suitable for oral delivery, ophthalmic delivery, nasal delivery, or dermal delivery. [120.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[119], which is in the form of a pill, osmotic delivery system, elixir, emulsion, hydrogel, suspension, syrup, capsule, tablet, orally dissolving tablet (ODT), gel capsule, thin film, oral thin film (OTF), adhesive topical patch, lollipop, lozenge, chewing gum, dry powder inhaler (DPI), vaporizer, nebulizer, metered dose inhaler (MDI), ointment, transdermal patch, intradermal implant, subcutaneous implant, or transdermal implant. [121.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[120], which is in the form of a transdermal patch. [122.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[120], which is in the form of a thin film. [123.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[120], which is in the form of an oral thin film (OTF). [124.] The pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[120], which is in the form of an orally dissolving tablet (ODT). [125.] A method of treating a mammal afflicted with a disease or disorder, the method including administering to a mammal in need of such treatment, the pharmaceutical dosage form of any one of embodiments [46]-[124], in an amount and for a period of time, effective to treat the disease or disorder. [126.] The method of embodiment [125], wherein the disease or disorder includes any one or more of:

neuroinflammation,

epilepsy,

Alzheimer's disease,

oxidative injury,

vomiting and nausea,

anxiety,

anorexia,

arthritis,

schizophrenia,

multiple sclerosis,

joint inflammation,

joint pain,

symptoms associated with AIDS,

chronic pain,

acute pain,

anxiety,

neuropathic pain and spasticity,

inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD),

tumour neovascularization,

tumor growth,

cancer,

glaucoma,

muscle spasms,

severe pain,

severe nausea,

cachexia or dramatic weight loss and muscle atrophy (wasting syndrome)

cancer cell migration,

cancer cell adhesion,

cancer cell invasion, and

cancer cell metastasization.

[127.] The method of any one of embodiments [125]-[126], wherein the pharmaceutical dosage form provides for the time release of the extract or concentrate of Cannabis. [128.] The method of any one of embodiments [125]-[126], wherein the pharmaceutical dosage form provides for the controlled release of the extract or concentrate of Cannabis. [129.] The method of any one of embodiments [125]-[126], wherein the pharmaceutical dosage form provides for the continuous release of the extract or concentrate of Cannabis. [130.] The method of any one of embodiments [125]-[126], wherein the pharmaceutical dosage form provides for the sustained release of the extract or concentrate of Cannabis. [131.] The method of any one of embodiments [125]-[126], wherein the pharmaceutical dosage form provides for the modified release of the extract or concentrate of Cannabis. [132.] The method of any one of embodiments [125]-[126], wherein the pharmaceutical dosage form provides for the immediate release of the extract or concentrate of Cannabis. [133.] The method of any one of embodiments [125]-[126], wherein the pharmaceutical dosage form provides for the extended release of the extract or concentrate of Cannabis. [134.] The method of any one of embodiments [125]-[133], wherein the pharmaceutical dosage form provides for the release of the extract or concentrate of Cannabis, over a period of time of about 1 hour to about 24 hours. [135.] The method of any one of embodiments [125]-[133], wherein the pharmaceutical dosage form provides for the release of the extract or concentrate of Cannabis, over a period of time of about 4 hours to about 24 hours. [136.] The method of any one of embodiments [125]-[133], wherein the pharmaceutical dosage form provides for the release of the extract or concentrate of Cannabis, over a period of time of about 6 hours to about 24 hours. [137.] The method of any one of embodiments [125]-[133], wherein the pharmaceutical dosage form provides for the release of the extract or concentrate of Cannabis, over a period of time of about 8 hours to about 24 hours. [138.] The method of any one of embodiments [125]-[133], wherein the pharmaceutical dosage form provides for the release of the extract or concentrate of Cannabis, over a period of time of about 1 hour to about 12 hours. [139.] The method of any one of embodiments [125]-[133], wherein the pharmaceutical dosage form provides for the release of the extract or concentrate of Cannabis, over a period of time of about 2 hours to about 12 hours. [140.] The method of any one of embodiments [125]-[133], wherein the pharmaceutical dosage form provides for the release of the extract or concentrate of Cannabis, over a period of time of about 4 hours to about 12 hours. [141.] The method of any one of embodiments [125]-[133], wherein the pharmaceutical dosage form provides for the release of the extract or concentrate of Cannabis, over a period of time of about 6 hours to about 12 hours. [142.] The method of any one of embodiments [125]-[133], wherein the pharmaceutical dosage form provides for the release of the extract or concentrate of Cannabis, over a period of time of about 1 hour to about 4 hours. [143.] The method of any one of embodiments [125]-[133], wherein the pharmaceutical dosage form provides for the release of the extract or concentrate of Cannabis, over a period of time of about 1 hour to about 2 hours. [144.] The method of any one of embodiments [125]-[143], wherein the pharmaceutical dosage form is administered up to about 8 times per day. [145.] The method of any one of embodiments [125]-[143], wherein the pharmaceutical dosage form is administered about 1-4 times per day. [146.] The method of any one of embodiments [125]-[143], wherein the pharmaceutical dosage form is administered in a single daily dosage, 1 time per day. 

1. (canceled)
 2. A process for obtaining a concentrate of Cannabis sativa or Cannabis indica, the process comprising: (a) contacting Cannabis sativa or Cannabis indica plant material with a supercritical fluid solvent system, at a pressure between about 750 psi and 25,000 psi, and at a temperature between about −15° C. and 200° C., to provide an extract of Cannabis sativa or Cannabis indica; and (b) removing the supercritical fluid solvent system from the extract; wherein the (a) contacting of the Cannabis sativa or Cannabis indica plant material with the supercritical fluid solvent system and the (b) removing the supercritical fluid solvent system, is carried out multiple times, such that the process is a fractional supercritical fluid extraction; wherein each contacting of the Cannabis sativa or Cannabis indica with a supercritical fluid solvent system independently occurs at a pressure between about 750 psi and 25,000 psi, and independently occurs at a temperature between about −15° C. and 200° C.; wherein at least one of the supercritical fluid extractions is carried out at a pressure of at least about 1,500 psi; and wherein each supercritical fluid solvent system independently comprises carbon dioxide (CO₂) and optionally one or more additional solvents and optionally one or more co-solvents, selected from the group consisting of hydrogen (H₂), neon (Ne), nitrogen (N₂), argon (Ar), methane (CH₄), ethane (CH₃CH₃), propane (CH₃CH₂CH₃), ammonia (NH₃), water (H₂O), xenon (Xe), methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-hexanol, 2-methoxy ethanol, tetrahydrofuran (THF), 1,4-dioxane, acetonitrile, methylene chloride, dichloroethane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, propylene carbonate, N,N-dimethylaceamide, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), formic acid, carbon disulfide, acetone, toluene, hexanes, pentanes, trifluoromethane (Freon® 23), nitrous oxide (N₂O), sulfur hexafluroide (SF₆), butane (n-C₄H₁₀), isobutane (i-C₄H₁₀), ethyl ether ((C₂H₅)₂O), benzotrifluoride (C₆H₅CF₃), p-chlorophenyl trifluoromethane (ClC₆H₄CF₃), chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), hydrofluorocarbon (HFA), HFA-134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane), and mixtures thereof.
 3. The process of claim 2, wherein each pressure is independently selected from (i) 750-4,000 psi, (ii) 4,000-7,000 psi, and (iii) 7,000-25,000 psi; with the proviso that at least one of the supercritical fluid extractions is carried out at a pressure of at least about 1,500 psi.
 4. The process of claim 2, wherein each fractional supercritical fluid extraction is carried out at a different pressure, each selected from (i) 750-4,000 psi, (ii) 4,000-7,000 psi, and (iii) 7,000-25,000 psi; with the proviso that at least one of the supercritical fluid extractions is carried out at a pressure of at least about 1,500 psi.
 5. The process of claim 2, wherein each temperature is independently selected from (i) −15-70° C., (ii) 70-100° C., and (iii) 100-200° C.
 6. The process of claim 2, wherein each fractional supercritical fluid extraction is carried out at a different temperature, each selected from (i) −15-70° C., (ii) 70-100° C., and (iii) 100-200° C.
 7. The process of claim 2, wherein each fractional supercritical fluid extraction is independently carried out employing a supercritical fluid solvent system which is: (i) polar aprotic, (ii) polar protic, (iii) nonpolar aprotic, or (iv) nonpolar protic.
 8. The process of claim 2, wherein each fractional supercritical fluid extraction is carried out with a different supercritical fluid solvent system, each selected from: (i) polar aprotic, (ii) polar protic, (iii) nonpolar aprotic, and (iv) nonpolar protic.
 9. The process of claim 2, wherein the concentrate of Cannabis Cannabis sativa or Cannabis indica comprises at least one of: cannabinol (CBN), cannabinolic acid (CBNA), Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC), Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ(9)-THCA), Δ(9)-cannabidiol (Δ(9)-CBD), Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabidiolic acid (Δ(9)-CBDA), Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(8)-THC), Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ(8)-THCA), Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabidiol (Δ(8)-CBD), Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabidiolic acid (Δ(8)-CBDA), Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin (Δ(9)-THV), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), cannabichromene (CBC), cannabichromenic acid (CBCA), cannabicyclol (CBL), cannabicyclolic acid (CBLA), β-caryophyllene epoxide, mentha-1,8(9)-dien-5-ol, pulegone, limonene, limonene oxide, α-terpinene, terpinen-4-ol, carvacrol, carvone, 1,8-cineole, p-cymene, fenchone, pulegone-1,2epoxide, β-myrcene, cannaflavin A, and cannaflavin B.
 10. The process of claim 2, wherein the concentrate of Cannabis sativa or Cannabis indica, relative to the Cannabis sativa or Cannabis indica plant material, is at least partially purified from at least one of terpenes, alkaloids, hemp oil, and cannabinoid acids.
 11. The process of claim 2, further comprising purifying the concentrate of Cannabis sativa or Cannabis indica, employing at least one of chromatography, adsorption, crystallization, distillation, liquid-liquid extraction, filtration, fractional distillation, precipitation, recrystallization, and sublimation.
 12. The process of claim 2, wherein the concentrate of Cannabis sativa or Cannabis indica comprises Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC).
 13. The process of claim 2, wherein the concentrate of Cannabis sativa or Cannabis indica comprises Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ(9)-THCA).
 14. The process of claim 2, wherein the concentrate of Cannabis sativa or Cannabis indica comprises Δ(9)-cannabidiol (Δ(9)-CBD).
 15. The process of claim 2, wherein the concentrate of Cannabis sativa or Cannabis indica Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabidiolic acid (Δ(9)-CBDA).
 16. The process of claim 2, wherein the concentrate of Cannabis sativa or Cannabis indica comprises Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(8)-THC).
 17. The process of claim 2, wherein the concentrate of Cannabis sativa or Cannabis indica comprises Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ(8)-THCA).
 18. The process of claim 2, wherein the concentrate of Cannabis sativa or Cannabis indica comprises Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabidiol (Δ(8)-CBD).
 19. The process of claim 2, wherein the concentrate of Cannabis sativa or Cannabis indica comprises Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabidiolic acid (Δ(8)-CBDA).
 20. The process of claim 2, wherein the concentrate of Cannabis sativa or Cannabis indica comprises Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin (Δ(9)-THV).
 21. The process of claim 2, wherein any one or more supercritical fluid solvent system independently comprises an additive selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-hexanol, 2-methoxy ethanol, tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, acetonitrile, dichloromethane, ammonia, chloroform, propylene carbonate, N,N-dimethylaceamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, formic acid, water, carbon disulfide, acetone, propane, toluene, hexanes, pentanes, C₆H₅CF₃, p-ClC₆H₄CF₃, and mixtures thereof. 